{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:50:59Z","timestamp":1789501859542,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The CRISPR Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacteria and archaea utilize CRISPR-Cas systems to defend against invading mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as phages and plasmids. In turn, MGEs have evolved anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins to counteract these defenses. While several type II-A Acrs have been identified in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus thermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sth<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) phages, a more comprehensive understanding of Acr diversity in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sth<\/jats:italic>\n                    phages has yet to be explored. Guided by the genomic context of known Acrs, we systematically screened uncharacterized phage proteins and identified several novel Acrs that inhibit type I-E, type II-A or type III-A\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sth<\/jats:italic>\n                    CRISPR-Cas systems. These\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes are clustered within a variable phage genomic region, indicating a hotspot for anti-defense activity. We also identified neighboring proteins with predicted enzymatic or structural domains that may modulate phage\u2013host interactions through Acr-independent mechanisms. Together, our findings expand the known repertoire of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sth<\/jats:italic>\n                    Acrs and highlight the phage variable region as a key reservoir of immune-modulating factors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/25731599251369720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T15:56:28Z","timestamp":1759161388000},"page":"333-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Phage Variable Region Encodes Anti-CRISPR Proteins Inhibiting All\n                    <i>Streptococcus thermophilus<\/i>\n                    CRISPR Immune Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Katie A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Philippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Catchpole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakela","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Terns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15386"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3569"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv023"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159689"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13445-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae856"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903666117"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003312"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-120417-031321"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11723"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-011420-111224"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/crispr.2018.0043"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2021.1985347"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S479068"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10577-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07642-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2017.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2023.167974"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.07.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00455-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00257"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2020-0593"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12644"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leprince A Lefran\u00e7ois J Magill D et al. 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