{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:30:43Z","timestamp":1787121043914,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Research Council of Lithuania","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["S-MIP-23-124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-MIP-23-124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["J2-3043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2-3043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["J2-3046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2-3046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["J2-60047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2-60047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["J3-3079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-3079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["J7-4420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J7-4420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["L2-60141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2-60141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N2-0198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2-0198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P2-0089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P2-0249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P3-0108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioelectricity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High-intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields (HI-PEMF) can be used to trigger contactless permeabilization of the plasma membrane similar to electroporation (EP). The permeabilization efficiency and gene delivery by HI-PEMF\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      are currently inferior to EP. It was suggested that the methodology can be improved with conductive gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which are reported to amplify the induced electric field in close proximity to the cell membrane.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, in this work, we have studied different NPs, which varied in material\/conductivity (gold and silica), size (10\u201350+ nm), shape (i.e., round and rods), concentration (50\u2013200 \u00b5g\/mL), and functionalization (pegylated or not), and combined them with HI-PEMF (6.7 T \u00d7 100 pulses, 1 Hz).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The normal Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO) and the cancer human urinary bladder\u2019s transitional carcinoma cell line (T24) were used as a model. We have characterized cell membrane permeabilization using propidium iodide (PI) and the efficacy of gene delivery using pEGFP-N1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Larger NPs and higher NP concentrations resulted in up to a 10% increase in membrane permeability. In contrast, semispherical and rod-shaped AuNPs did not further enhance permeabilization efficiency. Gene delivery efficiency increased from 3% in control samples to 6% in the presence of 50 nm AuNPs. Overall, CHO cells were more susceptible to HI-PEMF-induced effects than T24 cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows the potential to increase gene delivery efficacy by combining HI-PEMF treatment with conductive NPs. However, it was concluded that the HI-PEMF-induced effects are highly dependent on the cell line, NP type, and concentration and therefore require further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25763113261423900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T04:12:37Z","timestamp":1771042357000},"page":"67-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modulation of Contactless High Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Induced Electroporation and Gene Delivery Efficacy Using Various Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Polaj\u017eer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matej","family":"Kranjc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavko","family":"Kralj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Materials Synthesis, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia."},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Caf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Materials Synthesis, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia."},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rok","family":"Romih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samo","family":"Hudoklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitalij","family":"Novickij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damijan","family":"Miklav\u010di\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2012.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOELECHEM.2021.107994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523216666160331130040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-004-4180-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120282"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahni\u010d-Kalamiza S Miklavcic D. The Phenomenon of Electroporation. SpringerLink. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-70586-2_3 [Last accessed: May27 2025].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70586-2_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/raon-2016-0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2020.2979120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/4\/021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2019.107440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.06.079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2020.107642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11128-5_197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7785\/tcrt.2012.500258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2014.1797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab3be9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S128996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm020732l"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b00666"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp2017242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la201938u"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(68)90272-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOELECHEM.2019.107442"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17080964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19164-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja4097384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2020.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/jlrdt.2018.04.00112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2015.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12168237"}],"container-title":["Bioelectricity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25763113261423900","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/25763113261423900","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25763113261423900","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:17:59Z","timestamp":1787120279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/25763113261423900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/25763113261423900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25763113261423900","relation":{},"ISSN":["2576-3105","2576-3113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2576-3105","type":"print"},{"value":"2576-3113","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}