{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:29:51Z","timestamp":1787131791845,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review evaluated randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted specifically in participants with diabetes and painful peripheral neuropathy to assess the effectiveness and safety of medical cannabis, isolated cannabinoids, or nationally approved cannabis-based medicines as adjuvant treatment, compared with placebo or baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Controlled clinical studies and RCTs in adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were eligible. Animal and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies were excluded. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Scopus and screened 15,377 records; 35 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 4 RCTs were included in the qualitative synthesis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three of four studies reported statistically significant reductions in neuropathic pain with cannabinoid-based interventions compared with placebo, whereas one trial did not demonstrate superiority. In two trials using vaporized or sublingual \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), doses in the range of approximately 16\u201318 mg were associated with clinically meaningful pain relief in participants. Adverse effects, including dizziness and cognitive symptoms, were common but generally mild-to-moderate, and discontinuations due to adverse effects varied across studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion\/Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence from four small, heterogeneous RCTs suggests that cannabinoid-based therapies may reduce pain in some patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy; however, the limited number of studies, variability in formulations and comparators, and risk of bias preclude firm conclusions regarding efficacy. Observed THC doses around 16\u201318 mg\/day delivered via vaporized or sublingual routes should be viewed as preliminary, hypothesis-generating ranges rather than definitive recommendations. Larger, contemporary RCTs with rigorous risk-of-bias control, standardized outcomes, and detailed safety reporting are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25785125261425444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T03:47:08Z","timestamp":1771559228000},"page":"114-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy due to Diabetes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Justin J.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Jackson, Mississippi, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Riche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Jackson, Mississippi, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pop-Busui R Ang L Boulton AJM et al. Diagnosis and treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Arlington (VA): American Diabetes Association; 2022 Feb. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK580224; doi: 10.2337\/db2022-01 [June 24 2025].","DOI":"10.2337\/db2022-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02145-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S442595"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of cannabis","volume":"25","author":"Chayasirisobhon S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chayasirisobhon S. Mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of cannabis. Perm J, 2020; 25:19\u201324.","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0200-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05266"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","volume-title":"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research. National Academies Pr, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"CD012182","article-title":"Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"3","author":"Mucke M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mucke M, , Phillips T, , Radbruch L, et al. Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018:Issue 3. No:CD012182.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S425862"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.85a.17115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7502-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"GW Pharmaceuticals LTd. (2012). A study of Sativex for pain relief due to diabetic neuropathy. Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00710424 [July 7 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01196-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00879-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2021.21.6.479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050831"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","unstructured":"American Lung Association. Marijuana and Lung Health. Published on September 9th 2024 at: https:\/\/www.lung.org\/quit-smoking\/smoking-facts\/health-effects\/marijuana-and-lung-health#:\u223c:text=Research%20shows%20that%20smoking%20marijuana %2C%20wheeze%2C%20and%20acute%20bronchitis [November 20 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0482-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000528"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4397"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001952"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02518-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnae004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2023.2181696"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. 15 Challenges and Barriers in Conducting Cannabis Research. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK425757\/ [July 23 2025]."}],"container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25785125261425444","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/25785125261425444","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25785125261425444","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:22:06Z","timestamp":1787131326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/25785125261425444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/25785125261425444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25785125261425444","relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-5125","2378-8763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-5125","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-8763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]}}}