{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:20Z","timestamp":1789977800944,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Cannabis Research","award":["ICR-FY22-Bidwell"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICR-FY22-Bidwell"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-concentration delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products, with limited research, are becoming accessible in a rapidly expanding cannabis market. There is concern about poor labeling accuracy for THC in recreationally available cannabis, which could impact public health and consumer safety. However, coarse and fine-grained data representative of the scope of legal-market cannabis products have not been reported. This project aimed to investigate THC labeling discrepancies in recreational cannabis flower products and extend examinations to the accuracy of representative cannabis flower subtypes commonly available in a state-legal market.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Products were purchased between November 2022 and March 2025 from 59 licensed dispensaries across Colorado and analyzed for discrepancies in labeled versus observed THC concentration (%). Cannabis flower products (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 265) were included and further divided into pre-pack (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 76), pre-roll (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 27), re-pack (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 55), and deli (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 107) subtypes. Based on regulatory guidelines, product accuracy was determined by evaluating whether observed THC concentration (%) was within \u00b1 15% of labeled THC concentration (%), and was further evaluated by product subtype.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Half (51.7%) of the flower products sampled were accurately labeled. Labeling accuracy (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (6) = 15.15,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) and the percent deviation from labeled THC concentration (%) (H = 14.3,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) depended on product subtype.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      comparisons for product accuracy indicated that pre-roll products were more likely to be over-labeled (59.3%), and re-pack products had the greatest proportions of mislabeled products that were over-labeled (96.0%). Furthermore,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      comparisons indicated that pre-roll products had the greatest deviation from labeled THC concentration (19.6%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with previous findings, recreational flower products were inaccurately labeled for THC. While all flower product subtypes demonstrated low labeling accuracy, it was observed that products subject to greater handling by dispensaries (i.e., pre-roll and re-pack) were more prone to THC over-labeling inaccuracies. Future research should explore how these findings impact consumer trust, consumption, and purchasing habits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25785125261489482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:28:24Z","timestamp":1789709304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["THC Labeling Discrepancies Across Cannabis Flower Product Subtypes in a State-Legal Market"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0706-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tylor M.","family":"Savage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MedPharm Holdings LLC, DBA Bud &amp; Mary\u2019s, Denver, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ortiz Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon K.","family":"Lisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carillon J.","family":"Skrzynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Cinnamon","family":"Bidwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan I.","family":"Mackie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedPharm Holdings LLC, DBA Bud &amp; Mary\u2019s, Denver, Colorado, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Graduate School, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"597","article-title":"Prevalence of cannabis use around the world: A systematic review and meta-analysis, 2000\u20132024","volume":"6","author":"Wang Q","year":"2024","unstructured":"1.Wang Q, , Qin Z, , Xing X, et al. 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