{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:58:50Z","timestamp":1777881530280,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent inflammatory condition that results in joint deterioration and impairment. A noninvasive treatment option that has shown promise is photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), but the optimal energy density for RA management is not well established.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to assess the therapeutic efficacy of PBMT utilizing varying energy densities on RA in male rats, in comparison with methotrexate treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A case-control study was conducted on 48 male rats randomly assigned to six groups: Group I is the negative control, Group II is the RA positive control, Group III is the RA + PBMT 36 J\/cm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , Group IV is the RA + PBMT 54 J\/cm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , Group V is the RA + PBMT 72 J\/cm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , and Group VI is the RA plus methotrexate. RA was induced in all groups except Group I. Treatments were applied over a defined period. Outcomes included paw thickness and biochemical markers: superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and rheumatoid factor.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n All PBMT-treated groups showed significant reductions in paw thickness, and pro-inflammatory indicators were compared with the RA positive control (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). PBMT at 54 J\/cm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n (Group IV) demonstrated the most pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, comparable with methotrexate. Oxidative stress marker MDA decreased significantly, while SOD levels increased in all PBMT groups, particularly in Group IV.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n PBMT at an energy density of 54 J\/cm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n appears optimal in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress in RA, providing a potential non-pharmacologic adjunct to conventional therapy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25785478251385780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:28:12Z","timestamp":1769164092000},"page":"14-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancement of Photobiomodulation Therapy for Reducing Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Different Energy Densities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Mustafa Salih Ali","family":"Al Musawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jabir Ibn Hayyan Medical University, Al-Kufa, Iraq."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ameen","family":"Mohammad Alsudani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204627"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"4264","article-title":"The impact of biological therapy on cardiovascular disease risk among patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Mohamed AS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohamed AS, , Amer YA, , Shereef AS, et al. The impact of biological therapy on cardiovascular disease risk among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Zagazig Univ Med J, 2025; 31(8):4264-4273.","journal-title":"Zagazig Univ Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31472-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-017-0001-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201901010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2013.2273411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrras.2025.101831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.21.07236-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.09-027.Hamblin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-020-03124-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Musawi MS Jaafar MS Al-Gailani BT Ahmed NM Suhaimi FM. In vitro effects of low level yellow laser irradiation on human red blood cells. In: 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Photonics (ICP); 2016 Mar 14; Kuching Malaysia. New York: IEEE; 2016. p. 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICP.2016.7510024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA-BAGH-16-59"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"58","article-title":"Biological effects of low level laser therapy","volume":"5","author":"Farivar S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farivar S, , Malekshahabi T, , Shiari R. Biological effects of low level laser therapy. J Lasers Med Sci, 2014; 5(2):58\u201362.","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2012.9893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57239\/PJLSS-2024-22.1.00265"}],"container-title":["Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25785478251385780","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/25785478251385780","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25785478251385780","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:45:26Z","timestamp":1777596326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/25785478251385780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/25785478251385780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25785478251385780","relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-5478","2578-5478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-5478","type":"print"},{"value":"2578-5478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}