{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T16:51:50Z","timestamp":1793379110844,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the impact of different post space sterilants, namely methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer (PS)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs), sepiolite nanoparticles (SepNPs), and Er, Cr: YSGG laser (ECL), on the smear layer (SL) removal and push-out bond strength (PBS) of glass fiber posts (GFPs) to canal dentin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 52 single-rooted premolars were carefully selected, crowns were decoronated, and endodontic therapy was performed; subsequently, the samples were prepared for post space utilizing Gates-Glidden instruments. The specimens were categorized into four cohorts based on the disinfection regime (n = 13): Group 1: 2.5% NaOCl + ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), Group 2: MB-CHNPs-PDT + EDTA, Group 3: MB-SepNPs-PDT + EDTA, and Group 4: ECL + EDTA. SL removal analysis and PS-loaded nanoparticle characterization were executed using scanning electron microscopy. Self-cure resin cement was used for bonding GFP, followed by thermocycling. The evaluation of bond strength and the analysis of the fracture mode were conducted utilizing a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a post hoc test (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cervical section of Group 2 (MB-CHNPs-PDT + EDTA) test specimens displayed the maximum cleaning of SL (1.22\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23) and the highest PBS (11.23\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12 MPa). However, the apical third of Group 1 (MB-SepNPs-PDT + EDTA) reported minimum SL removal (4.53\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17) and the lowest bond strength (6.65\u2009\u00b1\u20090.13 MP). Group 1 (2.5% NaOCl + EDTA) and Group 4 (ECL + EDTA) presented no significant variation in SL elimination and PBS of GFP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using EDTA co-application, the MB-loaded CHNP protocol was associated with lower smear layer scores and higher PBS compared with the other tested groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25785478251400605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:28:12Z","timestamp":1769164092000},"page":"38-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of Methylene Blue Photosensitizer-Loaded Chitosan and Sepiolite Nanoparticles and Er, Cr: YSGG Laser on the Smear Layer and Push-out Bond Strength of Glass Fiber Post to Canal Dentin: An In Vitro SEM Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Amer M.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramsha","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madiha","family":"Ishrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jehan","family":"Zaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Derby, Derby, 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