{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:30:12Z","timestamp":1787121012240,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), toluidine blue (TB) photosensitizer (PS), and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs) loaded with TBPS (TB-CeO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs) activated via light-emitting diode (LED) on the shear bond strength (SBS) and resin tag length (RTL) of universal adhesive (UA) bonded using self-etch (SE) and etch-and-rinse (ER) approaches to the carious affected dentin (CAD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 66 mandibular molars were collected, and CAD was identified after the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criterion 4 or 5. Subsequently, the specimens were allocated into three cohorts based on CAD disinfection protocol (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 22): Group 1: CHX, Group 2: TBPS, and Group 3: TB-CeO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs. Each group was further distributed into two subgroups based on the mode of application of UA, used (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 11) in each: ER technique (A) and SE technique (B). Composite restorations were built, and all teeth were subjected to artificial aging. One pair of teeth from each cohort underwent RTL assessment via scanning electron microscope. Nine samples were used for SBS and fracture pattern examination via a universal testing machine and a stereomicroscope. One-way ANOVA and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tukey test were used to compare the means among the different investigated groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The longest RTL (97.59\u2009\u00b1\u20091.96 \u03bcm) and highest bond strength (11.79\u2009\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.83 MPa) were observed in Group 3B (TB-CeO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs-SE-UA) samples. Whereas the shortest resin tags (59.70 \u00b1 1.01 \u03bcm) and lowest bond integrity (8.56\u2009\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.45 MPa) were identified in Group 2A (TBPS-ER-UA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TB-CeO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs activated via LED can be used as a suitable alternative for CAD disinfection. UA bonded using ER and SE techniques displayed no significant difference in the RTL and bond strength outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25785478251411131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T10:14:55Z","timestamp":1770632095000},"page":"201-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Loaded with Toluidine Blue as Cavity Disinfectant Activated via Light-Emitting Diode on the Shear Bond Strength and Resin Tag Length of Universal Adhesive: A Scanning Electron Microscope-EDX Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Amer M.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Hussain","family":"Askary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Dentistry, Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Warsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UIC Retzky College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2051-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Omar","family":"Niaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrina","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103257"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tdj.tdj_31_22"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"In vitro remineralization effect of grape seed extract on artificial dentin caries","volume":"24","author":"Shi JH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shi JH, , Li H, , Wang YN. 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Effect of chlorhexidine on bonding durability of two self-etching adhesives with and without antibacterial agent to dentin. 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