{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T12:12:35Z","timestamp":1778069555831,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through the Small Research Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An in vitro study to evaluate the efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG) encapsulated in chitosan (CHNPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs) activated by 810-nm diode laser on smear layer (SL) removal and shear bond strength (SBS) to caries-affected dentin (CAD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty extracted human mandibular molars with CAD were randomly assigned to four groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15). Group 1: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), Group 2: free ICG-activated PDT (ICG-PDT), Group 3: ICG-loaded TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs-activated PDT (ICG-TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs-PDT), and Group 4: ICG-loaded CHNPs-activated PDT (ICG-CHNPs-PDT). CHNPs and TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. SL removal was assessed qualitatively via SEM using the H\u00fclsmann scale. A fifth-generation etch-and-rinse adhesive was applied with active scrubbing, and nanohybrid composite buildups were fabricated. Following thermocycling, SBS was measured using notched-edge shear testing machine. Failure modes were assessed stereoscopically. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (\u03b1 = 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ICG-CHNPs-PDT yielded the lowest SL score (1.04 \u00b1 0.14) and highest SBS (9.79 \u00b1 0.62 MPa), significantly outperforming all groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). CHX exhibited intermediate performance (SL: 2.16 \u00b1 0.48; SBS: 7.59 \u00b1 0.46 MPa). ICG-PDT (SL: 2.75 \u00b1 0.29; SBS: 6.12 \u00b1 0.43 MPa) and ICG-TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs-PDT (SL: 2.81 \u00b1 0.35; SBS: 5.97 \u00b1 0.35 MPa) showed comparable, inferior results (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). ICG-CHNPs-PDT demonstrated predominantly cohesive failures (60%), while ICG-PDT and ICG-TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs-PDT showed mainly adhesive failures (50%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Near-infrared antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using chitosan-encapsulated ICG activated at 810 nm significantly enhanced both SL removal and resin\u2013dentin bond strength compared with conventional CHX. The dual chelating and photosensitizing properties of the chitosan-ICG system offer a promising alternative for CAD surface conditioning before adhesive bonding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25785478261433608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T15:16:12Z","timestamp":1773846972000},"page":"324-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Using Chitosan-Encapsulated Indocyanine Green Improves Smear Layer Removal and Bond Strength to Caries-Affected Dentin: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9201-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Hussain","family":"Dafer Al Wadei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Sainudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Qasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifa","family":"Arsalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kashan","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow International Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madiha","family":"Pirvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow International Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2021.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-5515-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-2591.2009.01627.X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5268342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Varoni E Tarce M Lodi G et al. 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