{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:37:21Z","timestamp":1792787841748,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"T\u00fcrkiye Sa\u011fl\u0131k Enstit\u00fcleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131","award":["31629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31629"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d6ka036","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among thyroid malignancies, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) occurs most frequently, and therapeutic resistance remains a major obstacle in advanced disease. In this study, we evaluated the potential of pioglitazone (PIO), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, to enhance the efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in B-CPAP human PTC cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After dose optimization, PIO and ICG were tested individually and in combination with laser irradiation (808 nm, 50 J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was utilized to assess cell viability, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were examined to better elucidate the underlying mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PIO alone showed minimal cytotoxicity in B-CPAP cells, whereas ICG\u2013PDT induced a moderate reduction in viability. The combined treatment with 64.5 \u03bcM ICG and 509.0 \u03bcM PIO under PDT conditions significantly decreased cell survival to \u223c50%, resulting in a substantial elevation in ROS levels and disruption of MMP. Importantly, this combination also exhibited cytotoxic effects in a non-malignant thyroid epithelial cell line (Nthy-ori 3-1), though to a lesser extent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate that PIO potentiates the antitumor activity of ICG\u2013PDT by inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      approach suggests a rational, combinatorial strategy that merits further investigation in preclinical models of thyroid cancer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25785478261486643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:30:01Z","timestamp":1789097401000},"page":"652-660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Pioglitazone-Augmented Indocyanine Green-Driven Photodynamic Therapy in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: An\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derya Sema","family":"Yaman Kalender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technologies, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye."},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Atat\u00fcrk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Eren","family":"Kalender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Atat\u00fcrk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-8327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nermin","family":"Topalo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00664"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-018-0061-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000502229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00035-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000516469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1423-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02558-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47020069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-025-00759-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-19-0258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomed5010008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/845340"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ECBO.2025.M1A.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160203114607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2011.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2024.14294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25.Diaz Tovar JS Kassab G Inada NM et al. 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