{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:05:11Z","timestamp":1777881911820,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med\ufffdInsights\ufffdPathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Scientists identified SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China. Soon after its identification, Covid-19 spreads almost everywhere. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Covid-19 outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Countries are facing multiple waves due to the different variants of the coronavirus. Personal preventive measures, vaccines, and antiviral drugs are the approaches to control Covid-19. However, these approaches are being implemented in different countries at different levels because of the availability of personal protective measures and antiviral agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of practicing measures to fight the Covid-19 pandemic. Here we searched relevant literature from PubMed and Scopus using the keywords such as personal protective measures, antiviral agents, and vaccine effectiveness. According to the present findings, protective measures were found comparatively less effective. Nevertheless, these measures can be used to limit the spreading of Covid-19. Antiviral agents can reduce the hospitalization rate and are more effective than personal protective measures. The most effective strategy against Covid-19 is early vaccination or multiple vaccination dose. The respective authorities should ensure equal distribution of vaccines, free availability of antiviral drugs, and personal protective measure in poor and developing countries. We recommend more studies to describe the effectiveness of practicing preventive measures and antiviral agents against recent variants of the coronavirus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2632010x231161222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T09:58:44Z","timestamp":1678701524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative Performance Evaluation of Personal Protective Measures and Antiviral Agents Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Md Anamul","family":"Haque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Tanbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bulbul","family":"Ahamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Jamal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arpita","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shahriar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohiuddin Ahmed","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Rabiul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2632010X231161222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.898192"},{"key":"bibr2-2632010X231161222","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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