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There is strong evidence that interventions to increase income during adolescence can mitigate conditions such as anxiety and depression. However, policymakers lack quantified risk differences in the probability of mental illness between different income groups by which to establish the prospective scale of mitigation. Here, we estimate risk differences using two longitudinal cohort studies: Millennium Cohort Study (cohort members born between 2000 and 2002) and Next Steps (born 1989\u20131990). We quantify the association between income and risk of depression at age 14, serious mental illness at age 17, and non-psychotic mental illness at age 25. We also conduct sensitivity analysis using numerous other markers of socioeconomic (SES) status. We estimate that those living in the poorest quintile group of households have a greater probability of mental health problems than the richest at ages 14, 17, and 25. We find that other markers of SES status\u2014subjective financial strain, cohort member assessed wealth relative to friends, occupational class, and education\u2014display steeper associations with mental health symptoms relative to associations between mental health symptoms and income. Our findings are likely to be conservative underestimates since they are likely to be attenuated by well-known and large measurement errors in both mental health problems and living standards during adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/26320770231204993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T02:31:18Z","timestamp":1711074678000},"page":"153-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["How Far Can Interventions to Increase Income Improve Adolescent Mental Health? Evidence From the UK Millennium Cohort Study and Next Steps"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Aase","family":"Villadsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0937-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliott Aidan","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Cookson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9987-7050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Thomas","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-26320770231204993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeline A., Delattre E. (2017). Some microeconometric evidence on the relationship between health and income. Health Economics Review, 7(1), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13561-017-0163-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-017-0163-5"},{"key":"bibr2-26320770231204993","unstructured":"Agrawal S., Phillips D. (2020). Catching up or falling behind? Institute for Fiscal Studies. https:\/\/ifs.org.uk\/publications\/catching-or-falling-behind-geographical-inequalities-uk-and-how-they-have-changed"},{"key":"bibr3-26320770231204993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen K., Reeves A. (2022). The cost of living crisis is harming mental health, partly because of previous cuts to social security. 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Pew Research Center\u2019s Social & Demographic Trends Project. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/social-trends\/2019\/02\/14\/millennial-life-how-young-adulthood-today-compares-with-prior-generations-2\/"},{"key":"bibr8-26320770231204993","unstructured":"Business in the Community (2019). Mental health at work 2019. Business in the Community. https:\/\/www.bitc.org.uk\/report\/mental-health-at-work-2019-time-to-take-ownership\/"},{"key":"bibr9-26320770231204993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairney J., Boyle M. H. (2004). Home ownership, mortgages and psychological distress. Housing Studies, 19(2), 161\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0267303032000168577","DOI":"10.1080\/0267303032000168577"},{"key":"bibr10-26320770231204993","unstructured":"Calderwood L., Peycheva D., Henderson M., Silverwood R., Mostafa T., Rihal S. (2021). Next Steps: Sweep 8\u2014age 25 user guide (3rd ed.). 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Trends in adolescent mental health during economic upturns and downturns: A multilevel analysis of Swedish data 1988\u20132008. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(2), 101\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2017-209784","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209784"},{"key":"bibr33-26320770231204993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo N., Sembajwe G., Kawachi I., Dam R. M., van Subramanian S. V., Yamagata Z. (2009). Income inequality, mortality, and self-rated health. BMJ, 339, b4471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b4471","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4471"},{"key":"bibr34-26320770231204993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00172-3"},{"key":"bibr35-26320770231204993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.0056"},{"key":"bibr36-26320770231204993","unstructured":"Lessof C., Ross A., Brind R., Bell E., Newton S. (2016). Longitudinal study of young people in England cohort 2. 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