{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:32:18Z","timestamp":1791765138488,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Rare Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger\u2019s disease, is a rare inflammatory vasculitis that predominantly develops in smokers and characteristically affects the small- and medium-sized peripheral arteries and veins. Patients typically present with extremity claudication, but symptoms may progress to rest pain and tissue loss, especially in those unable to abstain from tobacco use. Unfortunately, traditional medical treatments are largely ineffective and due to the small caliber of affected vessels and lack of suitable distal targets or venous conduits, endovascular and open surgical approaches are often not possible. Eventually, a significant number of patients require major amputation. For these reasons, much research effort has been made in developing techniques of therapeutic angiogenesis to improve limb perfusion, both for atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease and the smaller subset of patients with critical limb ischemia due to Buerger\u2019s disease. Neovascularization in response to ischemia relies on a complex interplay between the local tissue microenvironment and circulating stem and progenitor cells. To date, studies of therapeutic angiogenesis have therefore focused on exploiting known angiogenic factors and stem cells to induce neovascularization in ischemic tissues. This review summarizes the available clinical data regarding the safety and efficacy of various angiogenic therapies, notably injection of naked DNA plasmids, viral gene constructs, and cell-based preparations, and describes techniques for potentiating in vivo efficacy of gene- and cell-based therapies as well as ongoing developments in exosome-based cell-free approaches for therapeutic angiogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain Language Title and Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A review of available and emerging treatments for improving blood flow and wound healing in patients with Buerger\u2019s disease, a rare disorder of blood vessels Buerger\u2019s disease is a rare disorder of the small- and medium-sized blood vessels in the arms and legs that almost exclusively develops in young smokers. Buerger\u2019s disease causes inflammation in arteries and veins, which leads to blockage of these vessels and reduces blood flow to and from the extremities. Decreased blood flow to the arms and legs can lead to development of nonhealing wounds and infection for which some patients may eventually require amputation. Unfortunately, traditional medical and surgical treatments are not effective in Buerger\u2019s disease, so other methods for improving blood flow are needed for these patients. There are several different ways to stimulate new blood vessel formation, both in humans and animal models. The most common treatments involve injection of DNA or viruses that express genes related to blood vessel formation or, alternatively, stem cell\u2013based treatments that help regenerate blood vessels and repair wound tissue. This review explores how safe and effective these various treatments are and describes recent research developments that may lead to better therapies for patients with Buerger\u2019s disease and other vascular disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/26330040211070295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T02:16:06Z","timestamp":1643595366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Therapeutic angiogenesis in Buerger\u2019s disease: reviewing the treatment landscape"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7380-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine J.","family":"Ribieras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulexi Y.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 1046, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA. Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omaida C.","family":"Velazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA. Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-26330040211070295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31818c8bc9"},{"key":"bibr2-26330040211070295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.03.028"},{"key":"bibr3-26330040211070295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734606288817"},{"key":"bibr4-26330040211070295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009213431207"},{"key":"bibr5-26330040211070295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-1165"},{"key":"bibr6-26330040211070295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000198000.58073.aa"},{"key":"bibr7-26330040211070295","first-page":"IV3","volume":"82","author":"Olin 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