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In a small proportion of men, the presence of white blood cells or red blood cells can adversely affect sperm quality by the production of reactive oxygen species. Several methods have been used to assess the presence of white blood cells and red blood cells in samples, such as identification of round cells, immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies, the Endtz test, the peroxidase test, and flow cytometry or microscopy. In addition, techniques have been identified to separate sperm samples from white blood cells and red blood cells for cryopreservation to improve outcomes in assisted reproductive technology. In this review, laboratory and clinical management of leukocytospermia and hematospermia are discussed. Currently available diagnostic methods and treatment options are outlined, and available optimal cryopreservation techniques for samples with white blood cells or red blood cells are summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2633494120922511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T14:55:50Z","timestamp":1591887350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Laboratory and clinical management of leukocytospermia and hematospermia: a review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kajal","family":"Khodamoradi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 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