{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:25:22Z","timestamp":1790418322272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med\ufffdInsights\ufffdReprod\ufffdHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Access to reliable contraception is a pillar of modern society. The burden of unintended pregnancy has fallen disproportionately on the mother throughout human history; however, recent legal developments surrounding abortion have sparked a renewed interest in male factor contraceptives beyond surgical sterilization and condoms. Modern efforts to develop reversible male birth control date back nearly a century and initially focused on altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-testes axis. These hormonal contraceptives faced multiple barriers, including systemic side effects, challenging dosing regimens, unfavorable routes of delivery, and the public stigma surrounding steroid use. Novel hormonal agents are seeking to overcome these barriers by limiting the side effects and simplifying use. Non-hormonal contraceptives are agents that target various stages of spermatogenesis; such as inhibitors of retinoic acid, Sertoli cell\u2013germ cell interactions, sperm ion channels, and other small molecular targets. The identification of reproductive tract\u2013specific genes associated with male infertility has led to more targeted drug development, made possible by advances in CRISPR and proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). Despite multiple human trials, no male birth control agents have garnered regulatory approval in the United States or abroad. This narrative review examines current and emerging male contraceptives, including hormonal and non-hormonal agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/26334941221138323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T03:44:26Z","timestamp":1678247066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Emerging concepts in male contraception: a narrative review of novel, hormonal and non-hormonal options"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"C. Austin","family":"Service","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruv","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung-Chin","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darshan P.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, 9333 Genesee Avenue, Suite 320, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-26334941221138323","unstructured":"LaPonsie M. How much does it cost to raise a child? U.S. News & World Report, 7 September 2022, https:\/\/money.usnews.com\/money\/personal-finance\/articles\/how-much-does-it-cost-to-raise-a-child (accessed 29 July 2022)."},{"key":"bibr2-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.04.836"},{"key":"bibr3-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/4308811"},{"key":"bibr4-26334941221138323","unstructured":"Sonfield A, Kost K. Public costs from unintended pregnancies and the role of public insurance programs in paying for pregnancy-related care: national and state estimates for 2010, https:\/\/www.guttmacher.Org\/report\/public-costs-unintended-pregnancies-and-role-public-insurance-programs-paying-pregnancy (2015, accessed 29 July 2022)."},{"key":"bibr5-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2011.01.021"},{"key":"bibr6-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/1bd58a10-en"},{"key":"bibr7-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301416"},{"key":"bibr8-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30315-6"},{"key":"bibr9-26334941221138323","unstructured":"Sawhill IV, Guyot K Preventing unplanned pregnancy: lessons from the states. Brookings, https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/preventing-unplanned-pregnancy-lessons-from-the-states\/ (2019, accessed 29 September 2022)."},{"key":"bibr10-26334941221138323","unstructured":"19-1392 Dobbs v. Jackson Women\u2019s Health Organization (06\/24\/2022). 2022; 213."},{"key":"bibr11-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.03.016"},{"key":"bibr12-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh574"},{"key":"bibr13-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2015.1050716"},{"key":"bibr14-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.66860"},{"key":"bibr15-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.02017.x"},{"key":"bibr16-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.02.015"},{"key":"bibr17-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/jms.1602.193"},{"key":"bibr18-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9972-4"},{"key":"bibr19-26334941221138323","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014, https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/128048 (accessed 23 August 2022)."},{"key":"bibr20-26334941221138323","first-page":"2","volume":"1","author":"Leavesley JH.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fam Plan Inf Serv"},{"key":"bibr21-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-003-0370-z"},{"key":"bibr22-26334941221138323","unstructured":"Ochsner AJ. Surgical treatment of habitual criminals. Buck v Bell Documents, 1969, http:\/\/readingroom.law.gsu.edu\/buckvbell\/81"},{"key":"bibr23-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/415404"},{"key":"bibr24-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.07.08"},{"key":"bibr25-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-4-10"},{"key":"bibr26-26334941221138323","unstructured":"Stormont G, Deibert CM. Vasectomy. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, 2022, https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK549904\/ (accessed 2 August 2022)."},{"key":"bibr27-26334941221138323","first-page":"245","volume":"25","author":"Kendrick JS","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"bibr28-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.200073"},{"key":"bibr29-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38381-7"},{"key":"bibr30-26334941221138323","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 6th ed., https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240030787 (2021, accessed 29 September 2022)."},{"key":"bibr31-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.029"},{"key":"bibr32-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.11.016"},{"key":"bibr33-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.12.001"},{"key":"bibr34-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.002311"},{"key":"bibr35-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1571435"},{"key":"bibr36-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-4-609"},{"key":"bibr37-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.107.004655"},{"key":"bibr38-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122358"},{"key":"bibr39-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2006.01440.x"},{"key":"bibr40-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-40-10527P"},{"key":"bibr41-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-49-4-520"},{"key":"bibr42-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(77)90025-7"},{"key":"bibr43-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-016-0140-8"},{"key":"bibr44-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92416-F","volume":"336","author":"Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bibr45-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58221-1"},{"key":"bibr46-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(78)90045-8"},{"key":"bibr47-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130500148875"},{"key":"bibr48-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(80)90005-0"},{"key":"bibr49-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.5.1225"},{"key":"bibr50-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199528030-00003"},{"key":"bibr51-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(91)90030-J"},{"key":"bibr52-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0265"},{"key":"bibr53-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199538040-00017"},{"key":"bibr54-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809502907-817"},{"key":"bibr55-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.6.1490"},{"key":"bibr56-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8218"},{"key":"bibr57-26334941221138323","unstructured":"Sathe A, Gerriets V. Medroxyprogesterone. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, 2022, https:\/\/www.statpearls.com\/ArticleLibrary\/viewarticle\/24900 (accessed 2 August 2022)."},{"key":"bibr58-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030107"},{"key":"bibr59-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e32833f1b4a"},{"key":"bibr60-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2604"},{"key":"bibr61-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1384"},{"key":"bibr62-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2014.05.013"},{"key":"bibr63-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12603"},{"key":"bibr64-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00216.x"},{"key":"bibr65-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01452"},{"key":"bibr66-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2020.04.006"},{"key":"bibr67-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0171"},{"key":"bibr68-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-022043"},{"key":"bibr69-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.107.002683"},{"key":"bibr70-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01528"},{"key":"bibr71-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139003353.023"},{"key":"bibr72-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061293"},{"key":"bibr73-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.2005.00018.x"},{"key":"bibr74-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(61)90002-3"},{"key":"bibr75-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/59.2.297"},{"key":"bibr76-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa122"},{"key":"bibr77-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0941"},{"key":"bibr78-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1675"},{"key":"bibr79-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm9703911"},{"key":"bibr80-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ml300365k"},{"key":"bibr81-26334941221138323","unstructured":"American Chemical Society. A non-hormonal pill could soon expand men\u2019s birth control options, https:\/\/www.acs.org\/content\/acs\/en\/pressroom\/newsreleases\/2022\/march\/non-hormonal-pill-could-soon-expand-mens-birth-control-options.html (accessed 3 August 2022)."},{"key":"bibr82-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.002295"},{"key":"bibr83-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1487"},{"key":"bibr84-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.07.029"},{"key":"bibr85-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0464"},{"key":"bibr86-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/21565562.2014.981485"},{"key":"bibr87-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1420"},{"key":"bibr88-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2019.01.007"},{"key":"bibr89-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.062679"},{"key":"bibr90-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.057810"},{"key":"bibr91-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006844"},{"key":"bibr92-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-017-0281-2"},{"key":"bibr93-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2136654100"},{"key":"bibr94-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610286104"},{"key":"bibr95-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14355"},{"key":"bibr96-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaaa062"},{"key":"bibr97-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.686461"},{"key":"bibr98-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.607556"},{"key":"bibr99-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13214"},{"key":"bibr100-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700367114"},{"key":"bibr101-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.045"},{"key":"bibr102-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes3020320"},{"key":"bibr103-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.004481"},{"key":"bibr104-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.259"},{"key":"bibr105-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.126958"},{"key":"bibr106-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195953","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Rand MG","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"bibr107-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0391447"},{"key":"bibr108-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099743"},{"key":"bibr109-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0836"},{"key":"bibr110-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjz115"},{"key":"bibr111-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106673118"},{"key":"bibr112-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1030215"},{"key":"bibr113-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(84)90029-5"},{"key":"bibr114-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(84)90022-2"},{"key":"bibr115-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(88)90008-X"},{"key":"bibr116-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199805000-00041"},{"key":"bibr117-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1994.tb00766.x"},{"key":"bibr118-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.006874"},{"key":"bibr119-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.06.003"},{"key":"bibr120-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/47495"},{"key":"bibr121-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.604082"},{"key":"bibr122-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271735"},{"key":"bibr123-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000182905.71077.13"},{"key":"bibr124-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21517-5"},{"key":"bibr125-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701669104"},{"key":"bibr126-26334941221138323","first-page":"279","volume":"57","author":"Handayani L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Indones Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr127-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0085."},{"key":"bibr128-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2020.8730"},{"key":"bibr129-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009000400015"},{"key":"bibr130-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.9b00345"},{"key":"bibr131-26334941221138323","first-page":"28","volume":"45","author":"Prajogo B","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Med Indones"},{"key":"bibr132-26334941221138323","first-page":"245922","volume":"1","author":"Sihabuddin M","journal-title":"J Med Planta"},{"key":"bibr133-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.2.444"},{"key":"bibr134-26334941221138323","volume":"5","author":"Mnatsakanyan M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta Med Int Open"},{"key":"bibr135-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3797\/scipharm.1411-08"},{"key":"bibr136-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-014-0862-8"},{"key":"bibr137-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.12.003"},{"key":"bibr138-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00061"},{"key":"bibr139-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab172"},{"key":"bibr140-26334941221138323","unstructured":"Team BS. Bimek SLV \u2013 The new contraception for men. Bimek SLV. https:\/\/bimek.com\/ (accessed 26 August 2022)."},{"key":"bibr141-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-020-0099-1"},{"key":"bibr142-26334941221138323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-017-0048-9"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/26334941221138323","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/26334941221138323","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/26334941221138323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:11:22Z","timestamp":1777597882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/26334941221138323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":142,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/26334941221138323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26334941221138323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-4941","2633-4941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-4941","type":"print"},{"value":"2633-4941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"article-number":"26334941221138323"}}