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In men, it is often caused by abnormalities in chromosome number or structure, alterations in DNA structure, specific gene mutations, or missing segments of the Y chromosome. Recent studies have also highlighted the impact of epigenetic mechanisms\u2014such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs\u2014on gene function and fertility. Abnormal methylation patterns, particularly in genes such as DNMT3A\/B\/L, H19, MEST, SOX30, and those involved in the piRNA pathway, have been linked to poor sperm production and reduced fertility. These epigenetic changes can lower sperm quality, impair embryo health, and decrease the chances of success with fertility treatments. The role of biological and epigenetic factors in female reproduction is more limited. This narrative review aims to examine well-established genetic and epigenetic mechanisms associated with infertility, with a focus on key molecular pathways and regulatory processes. 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