{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T12:23:29Z","timestamp":1787487809679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression and obesity are common chronic conditions in adolescence with major health consequences. While adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), socioeconomic disadvantage, and sexual minority (SM) identity are linked to higher mental health\u2013obesity (MH-OB) comorbidity, evidence on predictors of change during adolescence is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data came from 10,353 UK adolescents (49% male, 80.9% White, 9.1% SM) in the Millennium Cohort Study. MH-OB comorbidity was defined using overweight\/obesity (International Obesity Task Force criteria) and depression\/anxiety symptoms (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire emotional symptoms subscale) at ages 14 and 17. Change in comorbidity was categorised as none, persistent, resolved, or newly developed. Predictors included sex at birth, ethnicity, sexual identity, socioeconomic position, and cumulative ACEs. Multinomial logistic regression estimated adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At age 14, 7.7% of adolescents were obese, 19.5% overweight, and 27.8% reported depression\/anxiety symptoms. By age 17, 2.5% had persistent MH-OB comorbidity, 6.2% newly developed comorbidity, and 2.8% resolved; 88.0% had no comorbidity. Female sex, SM identity, lower household income, and increasing ACE exposure were associated with persistent and newly developed comorbidity. Associations were strongest among SM adolescents and females. Exposure to three or more ACEs increased risk of persistent comorbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents who experienced socioeconomic disadvantage, exposure to adversity, and with SM identity were more likely to show persistent or new-onset MH-OB comorbidity, with associations generally stronger in females than in males. These findings highlight the importance of early, integrated interventions that address both mental health and weight-related risks in structurally disadvantaged groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/26335565261466283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:18:20Z","timestamp":1787307500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of change in poor mental health and obesity (including overweight) comorbidity in mid-adolescence: A longitudinal analysis using the millennium cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6985-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afrin","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Karamanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6327-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal R.","family":"Khanolkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","volume-title":"Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. World Health Organization, 2017. Available from. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/254610"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.222"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","volume-title":"National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP): changes in the prevalence of child obesity between 2019 to 2020 and 2021 to 2022","author":"Department of Health and Social Care","year":"2023","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care. National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP): changes in the prevalence of child obesity between 2019 to 2020 and 2021 to 2022. GOV.UK, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13204"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/AHMT.S101631"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314608"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157240"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_712_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30145-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104127"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdt038"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v7.i1.60"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4143"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12197"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312161"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-314808"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1349"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20695-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv219"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad062"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30031-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4330"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104890"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","first-page":"230","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationship between bullying and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Liu X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu X, Luo L, Liu Y, et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between bullying and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23(1): 230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04681-4","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01185-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119985","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and BMI trajectories to mid-adult life: follow-up to age 50y in a British birth cohort","volume":"10","author":"Power C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Power C, Pinto Pereira SM, Li L. Childhood maltreatment and BMI trajectories to mid-adult life: follow-up to age 50y in a British birth cohort. PLoS One 2015; 10(6): e0119985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0119985","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22035"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02658-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0473"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000559"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Angold A","year":"1995","unstructured":"Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, et al. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 1995; 5(4): 237\u2013249.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(98)00073-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Mental Health, United States, 1996","author":"Kessler RC","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Zhao S, et al. The 12-month prevalence and correlates of serious mental illness. In: Manderscheid RW, Sonnenschein MA (eds). Mental Health, United States, 1996. US Government Printing Office, 1996, pp. 59\u201370."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.6.534"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26335565231215638"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","first-page":"e0173792","article-title":"Childhood socioeconomic position and adult mental wellbeing: Evidence from four British birth cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"Wood C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wood C, Clydesdale G, Richards M, et al. Childhood socioeconomic position and adult mental wellbeing: Evidence from four British birth cohort studies. PLoS One 2017; 12(3): e0173792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0173792","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","volume-title":"Stata Technical Bulletin 53","author":"Newton HJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Newton HJ (ed). Stata Technical Bulletin 53. Stata Press, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-007-0070-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0225"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15032-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13135"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcr.2014.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.753954"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101579"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0122"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100279"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi276"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.07.003"}],"container-title":["Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/26335565261466283","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/26335565261466283","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/26335565261466283","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T11:49:11Z","timestamp":1787485751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/26335565261466283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/26335565261466283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26335565261466283","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-5565","2633-5565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-5565","type":"print"},{"value":"2633-5565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"article-number":"26335565261466283"}}