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Phage therapy shows promise in biofilm eradication, but its effectiveness under dynamic flow conditions remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used two novel phages isolated on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Llofrudd and Samara, and characterized their genomes, host range, virulence, and impact on biofilms. In this study, we built a simple catheterized bladder model with flow to investigate the impact of phage treatment on biofilm viability in a flow-based catheter model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our analyses demonstrate that phages Llofrudd and Samara are the same species and infect a limited number of strains (3\/221), but crucially across three species:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phage treatment significantly reduced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm viability in catheters both in static conditions and under flow and liberated bacteria from the biofilms, highlighting the potential of phage therapy as an intervention strategy for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/26416549251366989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T18:10:43Z","timestamp":1759947043000},"page":"242-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simple Catheter Biofilm Flow Model:\n                    <i>Klebsiella<\/i>\n                    Phages Disrupt\n                    <i>E. coli<\/i>\n                    Biofilms on Urinary Catheters Under Static and Dynamic Flow Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hoda","family":"Bseikri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slawomir","family":"Michniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Goicoechea Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre and School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Jameson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-3-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03091902.2015.1085600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.46.20316-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00019-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.2.667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)49707-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410x.2011.10303_2.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aorn.2017.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2986742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/rru.s75419"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations","author":"O\u2019neill J","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019neill J. 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