{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:45:33Z","timestamp":1785822333990,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Women's Health Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Access to family planning (FP) information is vital for reproductive autonomy and the Sustainable Development Goals. In Somaliland, modern contraceptive uptake remains critically low. While sociodemographic barriers are known, geospatial dimensions of information accessibility remain unexplored. This study investigates individual, community, and spatial determinants of women\u2019s exposure to FP messages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from the 2020 Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey among women aged 15\u201349. We employed multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression to assess predictors of media exposure. Additionally, spatial analysis techniques including Global Moran\u2019s I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were utilized to identify geographic clusters (\u201chotspots\u201d and \u201ccold spots\u201d) of exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Only 25.28% of women reported exposure to FP messages, primarily\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">via<\/jats:italic>\n                      TV and radio; mobile dissemination was underutilized (11%). Multilevel analysis indicated that higher education (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 6.48), wealth, and internet usage significantly increased exposure odds. Conversely, nomadic populations (AOR = 0.38) and rural residents faced severe exclusion. Spatial analysis revealed a sharp East\u2013West divide: significant \u201chotspots\u201d clustered in western regions (Awdal, Marodijeh), while significant \u201ccold spots\u201d were identified in the eastern region of Sool.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A profound \u201cdigital and developmental divide\u201d characterizes reproductive health communication in Somaliland. Current strategies benefit urban, educated women in the west, leaving nomadic populations in an information vacuum. Policy must shift to spatially targeted interventions, utilizing community outreach in identified \u201ccold spots\u201d and voice-based mobile technology to reach uneducated and nomadic women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/26884844261438925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T06:02:20Z","timestamp":1775714540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bridging the Information Gap: A Spatial and Multilevel Analysis of Exposure to Family Planning Messages Among Women in Somaliland (SLHDS 2020)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7253-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Mohamoud","family":"Abdilleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Humanities, School of Postgraduate Studies and Research (SPGSR), Amoud University, Hargeisa, Somaliland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadar Jama","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Humanities, School of Postgraduate Studies and Research (SPGSR), Amoud University, Hargeisa, Somaliland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4691-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahye Dayib","family":"Aw-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Humanities, School of Postgraduate Studies and Research (SPGSR), Amoud University, Hargeisa, Somaliland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdirahman Ahmed","family":"Muhumed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Humanities, School of Postgraduate Studies and Research (SPGSR), Amoud University, Hargeisa, Somaliland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idiris Faisal","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdisalam Hassan","family":"Muse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Humanities, School of Postgraduate Studies and Research (SPGSR), Amoud University, Hargeisa, Somaliland."},{"name":"Research and Innovation Centre, Amoud University, Borama, Somaliland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2021.1902527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000632"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-15-00374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S266755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60827-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01974-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2017.1373874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.650538"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37565-1_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03376-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00373.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60609-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-021-00154-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2018.1563679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60518-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-015-0056-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60597-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22525-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03895-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2979-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Sedgh G Ashford LS Hussain R. Unmet need for contraception in developing countries: Examining women\u2019s reasons for not using a method. 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2003.00019.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","volume-title":"Mass Media and Reproductive Behavior in Africa","author":"Westoff CF","year":"1997","unstructured":"Westoff CF, , Bankole A. Mass Media and Reproductive Behavior in Africa. 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