{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T07:13:18Z","timestamp":1783494798072,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Women's Health Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n \n Despite the widespread use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral contraceptives (OC), population-level analyses on how menstrual disorder diagnoses vary across ibuprofen and OC use remain limited. Prior studies emphasize treatment efficacy for individual conditions rather than cross-sectional diagnosis co-occurrence across these treatment categories. The NIH\n All of Us<\/jats:italic>\n Research Program enables age-stratified analyses of menstrual disorder diagnoses across ibuprofen and OC use.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of female participants 18\u201335 years old using\n All of Us<\/jats:italic>\n data from electronic health records, survey responses, and physical measurements. Participants were stratified into ages 18\u201324 and 25\u201335 years and grouped by recorded ibuprofen only, OC only, or ibuprofen + OC exposure. Standardized Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership concept sets identified dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, excessive\/heavy bleeding, and amenorrhea. Pairwise chi-square tests compared diagnosis presence across treatment groups. The Holm\u2013Bonferroni (HB) adjustment was applied. Treatment duration, dose, adherence, and temporal sequencing relative to diagnosis could not be established.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n In women aged 18\u201324 years, no significant differences in diagnosis prevalence were observed between treatment groups (ibuprofen:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 2832; OC:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 4256; and combination:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 2315). Between-group prevalence differences were modest (0.9 to 2.1 percentage points) and did not remain significant after HB correction (all HB adjusted\n p<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05). Women aged 25\u201335 years (ibuprofen:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 9533; OC:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 9517; and combination:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 9617) had OC use associated with lower dysmenorrhea prevalence versus combination use (prevalence difference: 1.4%; HB-adjusted\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Irregular menstruation was more frequent in the OC group than in the ibuprofen group (2.1%; HB-adjusted\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Excessive\/heavy bleeding was more prevalent with ibuprofen use than with OC use and combination therapy (2.2% and 1.6%, respectively; HB-adjusted\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Amenorrhea prevalence did not differ significantly (\u22640.9%; HB-adjusted\n p<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Menstrual disorder diagnosis frequencies differed across ibuprofen and OC exposure groups, primarily among women 25\u201335 years old. Longitudinal studies with untreated comparators and better characterizations of treatment timing, dose, and duration are needed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/26884844261466539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:21:23Z","timestamp":1783318883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Menstrual Disorder Frequency Across Ibuprofen and Oral Contraceptive Treatment Modalities in Reproductive-Age Women: A Population-Based Analysis Using the NIH\n All of Us<\/i>\n Research Program"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Quinn","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika Allyssa A.","family":"Esquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Seeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newton Gresham Library\/College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2562-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul W.","family":"Zarutskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Primary Care & Clinical Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxt009"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea","volume":"89","author":"Osayande AS","year":"2014","unstructured":"2.Osayande AS, , Mehulic S. Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician 2014;89(5):341\u2013346.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2006.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01156-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00848-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxaf064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"7.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. CDC: Atlanta Georgia. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/female-blood-disorders\/about\/heavy-menstrual-bleeding.html [Last accessed: 12Febuary 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810764"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Marjon K","year":"2025","unstructured":"11.Marjon K, , Kahn J, , Singh M. Uterine Leiomyomata. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, Florida; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK546680\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02794-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001751.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(00)00076-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318262e320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","unstructured":"17.National Institutes of Health. All of Us Research Program. NIH: Bethesda Maryland Available from: https:\/\/www.researchallofus.org [Last accessed: 5December 2025]."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Heavy menstrual flow: Current and future trends in management","volume":"6","author":"Beebeejaun Y","year":"2013","unstructured":"18.Beebeejaun Y, , Varma R. Heavy menstrual flow: Current and future trends in management. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2013;6(3\u20134):155\u2013164.","journal-title":"Rev Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181cb50b5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2025.102840"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000154.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07451-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00012.x"}],"container-title":["Women's Health Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/26884844261466539","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/26884844261466539","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/26884844261466539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:16:15Z","timestamp":1783491375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/26884844261466539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/26884844261466539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26884844261466539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-4844","2688-4844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-4844","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-4844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"26884844261466539"}}