{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:20:52Z","timestamp":1777882852219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1U01NS086090-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01NS086090-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The most consistent risk factor for developing psychiatric problems post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a preexisting psychiatric disorder, but many studies have reported that psychiatric disorders can occur\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    following \u201cmild\u201d TBI. The objective of this secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of patients (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,947) with acute TBI and presenting Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score between 13 and 15 was to describe the association of pre-injury psychiatric history with prevalence and risk factors for probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and nonspecific anxiety disorder (ANX) following TBI at long-term follow-up. Rates of probable PTSD, MDD, or ANX were analyzed from years 1 to 7 post-injury. Multivariable regression models were built to predict meeting cutoffs for PTSD, MDD, and ANX at 1 year, 2\u20134 years, and 5\u20137 years post-injury. Predictors were psychiatric history, migraine history, TBI history, initial head CT scan, loss of consciousness, post-traumatic amnesia, GCS, insurance type, highest level of care, cause of injury, years of education, age, sex, and race\/ethnicity. Participants with history of pre-injury psychiatric disorder met clinical cutoffs for PTSD, MDD, and ANX at approximately double the rate of participants without history of psychiatric disorder at year 1 (16\u201328% vs. 5\u201313%), between years 2 and 4 (15\u201335% vs. 6\u201318%), and between years 5 and 7 (10\u201328% vs. 5\u201312%). Multivariable modeling confirmed several classical risk factors for post-TBI psychiatric sequelae at any time during follow-up, such as psychiatric history, prior TBI, female sex, and Black race. Assault, mechanism of injury, and Medicaid, self-pay, or other insurance (reference: private insurance) were also associated with PTSD, MDD, and ANX at various timepoints. Probable PTSD, MDD, and ANX were more common in participants with pre-injury psychiatric history, but significant psychiatric symptoms are identifiable for years post-injury, even among those with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    psychiatric disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2689288x251383348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:29:22Z","timestamp":1759278562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prior Psychiatric Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress, Depressive and Anxiety Disorder after Traumatic Brain Injury with Glasgow Coma Scale Score 13\u201315: A TRACK-TBI Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6767-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn R.","family":"Eagle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay D.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph T.","family":"Giacino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3016-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Temkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9694-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John K.","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Okonkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey T.","family":"Manley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the TRACK-TBI Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000187"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1313"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4288"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6172"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2984"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.09.024"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury committee of the head injury interdisciplinary special interest group of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. 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