{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:23:31Z","timestamp":1787556211525,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimate partner violence (IPV), interpersonal violence, and caregiver abuse are common, frequently under-disclosed contexts for neurotrauma and delayed injury recognition. Relative to traumatic brain injury and hypoxic\/anoxic injury after nonfatal strangulation, IPV-associated spinal injury is less well characterized, and existing spine literature has largely emphasized thoracolumbar compression-type fractures rather than cervical spine injuries. We present three neurosurgical cases of cervical spine pathology with cord or nerve root compromise occurring in the context of disclosed IPV or suspected interpersonal violence\/caregiver abuse, representing acute, subacute, and chronic presentations Imaging phenotypes included C5-C6 left paracentral\/foraminal disc herniation with canal\/foraminal compromise, multilevel cervical stenosis with cord compression and myelomalacia, and a destructive C6-C7 disc-space process with cord compression followed by instrumentation failure after recurrent trauma. The cases illustrate delayed or partial disclosure, dependence on caregivers or partners, incomplete neurological documentation, psychosocial vulnerability, and missed opportunities for safety intervention when disclosure is not elicited in a private and trusted setting. All three patients disclosed nonfatal strangulation or assault-related neck trauma, highlighting the relevance of strangulation screening and selective vascular, brain, and cervical spine imaging in neurotrauma and spine settings. We synthesize literature on IPV-related neurotrauma, spinal injury patterns, disclosure, strangulation evaluation, and emerging blood-based biomarkers, and propose a pragmatic \u201cneurosurgical touchpoint\u201d pathway for privacy-enabled screening, objective documentation, safe provision of supports, selective imaging, and warm referral to social work\/IPV advocacy resources. Neurosurgical encounters may therefore represent critical opportunities to identify risk, support safe disclosure, and reduce missed opportunities for intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2689288x261475301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T06:29:30Z","timestamp":1787380170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cervical Spine Pathology in the Context of Intimate Partner and Interpersonal Violence: A Case Series and Focused Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7998-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Sandarage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasi","family":"Jagadeesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve C.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46292\/sci21-00083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10354-3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_4_1.1","unstructured":"3.Cotter A. Intimate partner violence in Canada 2018: An overview. Juristat"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_4_1.2","unstructured":"2021. Available from: https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2021001\/article\/00003-eng.htm [Last accessed: Jun23 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","volume-title":"The National Intimate partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2016\/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence","author":"Leemis RW","year":"2022","unstructured":"4.Leemis RW, , Friar N, , Khatiwada S, et al. The National Intimate partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2016\/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nisvs\/documentation\/NISVSReportonIPV_2022.pdf [Last accessed: Jun23, 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","unstructured":"5.Women and Gender Equality Canada. Fact sheet: Intimate partner violence. Government of Canada; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/women-gender-equality\/gender-based-violence\/intimate-partner-violence.html [Last accessed: Jun23 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"6.World Health Organization. Violence against women: Key facts. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/violence-against-women [Last accessed: Jun23 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011404251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020200010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-020-01853-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.02.065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","unstructured":"15.American College of Surgeons. Statement on intimate partner violence. Available from: https:\/\/www.facs.org\/about-acs\/statements\/intimate-partner-violence\/ [Last accessed: Jun23 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"16.World Health Organization. Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2013. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241548595 [Last accessed: Jun23 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.9009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","unstructured":"18.US Food and Drug Administration. 510(k) substantial equivalence determination decision summary: I-STAT TBI cartridge with I-STAT Alinity System (K234143). 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/reviews\/K234143.pdf [Last accessed: Jun23 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206744"}],"container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2689288X261475301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2689288X261475301","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2689288X261475301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:16:16Z","timestamp":1787555776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2689288X261475301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2689288X261475301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2689288x261475301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2689-288X","2689-288X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2689-288X","type":"print"},{"value":"2689-288X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"2689288X261475301"}}