{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:31:23Z","timestamp":1793032283260,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Variable terminology is used in the literature to describe facial synkinesis and hypertonicity following incomplete recovery from facial paralysis and its associated medical and surgical treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Establish a nomenclature consensus for this condition among a group of facial nerve experts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design Type:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consensus study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using modified Delphi methodology, an international, multidisciplinary group of facial nerve experts reviewed the terminology for the name of the clinical condition and treatments of interest. Online surveys and a virtual discussion were performed to establish consensus, defined a priori as agreement by 80% of the group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-five facial nerve experts established consensus after three Delphi rounds. Consensus terminology for the condition is \u201cfacial synkinesis\u201d with 84% agreement. Medical treatment is termed \u201cchemodenervation\u201d with 100% agreement. Surgical treatments including \u201cselective facial neurectomy,\u201d \u201cselective facial neurotomy,\u201d \u201cselective facial myectomy,\u201d and \u201cselective facial myotomy,\u201d were defined and reached agreement of 100%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This international group of facial nerve experts has recommended standardized nomenclature for the condition of facial synkinesis and its various treatments. While \u201cfacial synkinesis\u201d reached consensus as the preferred term, some experts noted it may insufficiently describe the full clinical spectrum, which includes muscle hypertonicity, weakness, and spontaneous twitching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/26893614251363957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T17:58:29Z","timestamp":1759255109000},"page":"408-415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["International, Multispecialty Expert Consensus on Nomenclature for Facial Paralysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4547-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel L.","family":"Oyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facial Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Private Practice, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4924-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kofi","family":"Boahene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facial Plastic &amp; 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Reconstructive Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Diels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facial Retraining, LLC, McFarland, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Guerreschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Plastic Surgery Department, The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Hadlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facial Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Hetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facial Plastic &amp; 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