{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:23:43Z","timestamp":1777883023517,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"The New Frontiers in Research Fund","award":["NFRFR-2022-00439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFRFR-2022-00439"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Community Health Equity Research &amp; Policy"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collate local perceptions of factors influencing experience of the COVID-19 pandemic in communities in Bauchi State, Northern Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) collated participant views of what made their experience worse during the COVID-19 pandemic. FCM uses concepts linked by weighted arrows to indicate perceived causal relationships. Higher weights indicate stronger influences; positive and negative signs indicate direct and inverse causal relationships, respectively. In late 2023, local facilitators collected 81 maps in urban, rural and remote communities, 11 with administrative officials, and four with vulnerable groups (388 participants in total). We created average maps for each stakeholder group. Facilitators inductively grouped factors into categories. We calculated the cumulative net influence (CNI) (range \u22121 to +1) of categories and identified important causes and outcomes within the network. The maps included 152 factors in 25 categories.\n                      <jats:italic>Hunger and lack of food<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CNI = 0.63) worsened pandemic experience the most, followed by\n                      <jats:italic>reduced businesses and jobs<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CNI = 0.40), causing economic disruption and threatening livelihoods.\n                      <jats:italic>Increased household conflicts<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CNI = 0.35) and\n                      <jats:italic>stress and mental health problems<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CNI = 0.30) were also prominent negative influences and intermediate outcomes in the network.\n                      <jats:italic>Lockdown<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CNI = 0.34) was the most important underlying cause of other causal categories.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The maps depicted the interconnected impacts of the pandemic on community members. Participants confirmed the worst impacts were related to control measures exacerbating pre-existing economic challenges. These FCM findings will form part of the evidence shared with communities and policy makers to support co-design of strategies for pandemic recovery aligned with community needs and strengths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2752535x251384522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T12:40:41Z","timestamp":1759495241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What Made the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience Worse in Communities in Northern Nigeria: Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping of Community Perceptions"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2871-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Sarmiento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIET-PRAM, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Grupo de Estudios en Sistemas Tradicionales de Salud, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yagana","family":"Gidado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bauchi Chapter, Federation of Muslim Women Association in Nigeria (FOMWAN), Bauchi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadiza","family":"Mudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bauchi Chapter, Federation of Muslim Women Association in Nigeria (FOMWAN), Bauchi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Altine","family":"Joga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bauchi Chapter, Federation of Muslim Women Association in Nigeria (FOMWAN), Bauchi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umaira","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Acapulco, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sa\u2019adatu Bello","family":"Kirfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bauchi Chapter, Federation of Muslim Women Association in Nigeria (FOMWAN), Bauchi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Abbas","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprise Development, Bauchi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIET-PRAM, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Acapulco, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1558-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Cockcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIET-PRAM, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae508"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab047"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2023.103059"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-00963-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm15010028"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44187-024-00183-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2023.100530"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1874888"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-00846-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11706-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101284"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306541"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00008-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","volume-title":"COVID-19 mortality analyses. Cases and mortality by country. Maps and trends","author":"Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID-19 mortality analyses. Cases and mortality by country. Maps and trends. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/data\/mortality (2023. accessed 7 January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","unstructured":"Nigeria Center for Disease Control. Bi-weekly epidemiological report 13. Epi week 41-42: 10th - 23th October 2022. COVID-19 situation report. https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/ncdc.gov.ng\/themes\/common\/files\/sitreps\/7146701131712e97a9068a6515272535.pdf (2022. accessed 6 January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00207314211002785"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","unstructured":"United Nations. UN research roadmap for the COVID-19 recovery. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/pdfs\/UNCOVID19ResearchRoadmap.pdf (2020 accessed 6 January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80040-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-024-01303-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14192"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","volume-title":"Nigeria demographic and health survey 2018 - final report","author":"National Population Commission - NPC, ICF","year":"2019","unstructured":"National Population Commission - NPC, ICF. Nigeria demographic and health survey 2018 - final report. NPC and ICF. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR359\/FR359.pdf (2019, accessed 20 December 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","volume-title":"Nigeria: Life expectancy. Demographics","author":"Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics","unstructured":"Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics. Nigeria: Life expectancy. Demographics. https:\/\/nigerianstat.gov.ng\/elibrary\/read\/1241422 (accessed 1 December 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Nigeria (FMoHSW). National population commission (NPC) [Nigeria] ICF. Nigeria 2023-24 demographic and health survey key indicators. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/PR157\/PR157.pdf (2014 accessed 6 January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","volume-title":"NIGERIA: community action (for) resilience and economic stimulus program","author":"World Bank Group","year":"2024","unstructured":"World Bank Group. NIGERIA: community action (for) resilience and economic stimulus program. Projects & Operations. https:\/\/projects.worldbank.org\/en\/projects-operations\/project-detail\/P174114 (2024, accessed 6 January 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","unstructured":"yWorks. yEd graph editor manual. https:\/\/yed.yworks.com\/support\/manual\/index.html (accessed 28 October 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2024.2430024"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2012.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X211070463"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpolmod.2022.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010610"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.3745"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-020-10281-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","volume-title":"The economic impact of COVID-19 lockdowns in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"Teachout M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teachout M, Zipfel C. The economic impact of COVID-19 lockdowns in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Growth Centre. https:\/\/www.theigc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020\/05\/Teachout-and-Zipfel-2020-policy-brief-.pdf (2020, accessed 19 June 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003319"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","first-page":"695","article-title":"South Africa: challenges and successes of the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"178","author":"Stiegler N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stiegler N, Bouchard JP. South Africa: challenges and successes of the COVID-19 lockdown. Ann Med-Psychol 2020; 178(7): 695\u2013698.","journal-title":"Ann Med-Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cri.2023.23"}],"container-title":["Community Health Equity Research &amp; Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2752535X251384522","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2752535X251384522","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2752535X251384522","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:31:21Z","timestamp":1777599081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2752535X251384522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2752535X251384522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2752535x251384522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-535X","2752-5368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-535X","type":"print"},{"value":"2752-5368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"article-number":"2752535X251384522"}}