{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:26:07Z","timestamp":1777857967870,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It's now well appreciated that social determinants of health are the strongest predictors of our health and well-being. A good argument could be made that housing is at the top of the pyramid of these determinants. And, surprisingly, housing is also the social determinant that could rapidly turn on a dime\u2014that is, with sufficient political will, creating access to housing could be radically expanded in short order. (Unfortunately, of course, it's true one can also become suddenly homeless, since few protections exist in policy or capitalist economies to prevent it). That alone sets it apart from social factors such as education and racism\u2014conditions that take a long time to change. In contrast to long-term interventions (education) or culturally stubborn and historically rooted problems (racism), housing is rapidly malleable. In this article, we describe the social condition of homelessness in two settings, comparing and contrasting the concepts, causes, and consequences, along with how people are mobilizing to challenge the conditions that create their housing insecurity. As we review the factors that create housing conditions in each setting, we propose some universal international principles for a new approach to the human right of decent and secure housing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/27551938241261051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T03:14:19Z","timestamp":1718334859000},"page":"352-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Locations of Palestine and the U.S.  in the Global Map of Homelessness: Part I"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama","family":"Tanous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2120-8295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Hagopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-27551938241261051","unstructured":"CSDH. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health; 2008. doi:978 92 4 156370 3."},{"key":"bibr2-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123036"},{"key":"bibr3-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112571"},{"key":"bibr4-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Buist E. Homelessness: \u2018People think it can never happen to them, but it can, in the blink of an eye.\n                      The Guardian\n                      . Published 2017. Accessed July 18, 2021. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2017\/dec\/16\/homeless-in-2017-five-stories-can-happen-to-anyone"},{"key":"bibr5-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Henley J. \u201cIt\u2019s a miracle\u201d: Helsinki\u2019s radical solution to homelessness.\n                      The Guardian\n                      . Published June 3, 2019. Accessed July 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/cities\/2019\/jun\/03\/its-a-miracle-helsinkis-radical-solution-to-homelessness"},{"key":"bibr6-27551938241261051","volume":"38","author":"Foscarinis M","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clgh Rev"},{"key":"bibr7-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3167\/ares.2018.090109"},{"key":"bibr8-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag0833"},{"key":"bibr9-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2016.1188739"},{"key":"bibr10-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2012.707941"},{"key":"bibr11-27551938241261051","volume-title":"The Hundred Years\u2019 War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917\u20132017","author":"Khalidi R","year":"2020","edition":"1"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr12-27551938241261051","first-page":"229","volume":"24","author":"Asi YM","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"bibr13-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Al Haq.\n                      Israeli Apartheid, Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism\n                      ; 2022. Accessed January 16, 2023. https:\/\/www.alhaq.org"},{"key":"bibr14-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Israel and the Occupied Territories - Under the rubble: house demolitions and destruction of land and property - AI report - Non-UN document - Question of Palestine. Accessed March 30, 2021. https:\/\/www.un.org\/unispal\/document\/auto-insert-193492\/"},{"key":"bibr15-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35715\/SCR4001115"},{"key":"bibr16-27551938241261051","unstructured":"United Nations Centre for Human Rights.\n                      The Human Right to Adequate Housing - Fact Sheet No 21\n                      ; 2000. Accessed July 18, 2021. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/documents\/publications\/fs21_rev_1_housing_en.pdf"},{"key":"bibr17-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Assembly UG.\n                      The Universal Declaration of Human Rights\n                      ; 1948. Accessed February 27, 2024. http:\/\/www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au\/doc\/unhrights_1.pdf"},{"key":"bibr18-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199283262.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr19-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2602318"},{"key":"bibr20-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Ferrer A, Graziani T, Woocher J, Frederick Z.\n                      The vacancy report - how Los Angeles leaves homes empty and people unhoused\n                      ; 2020. Accessed April 10, 2022. https:\/\/www.saje.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/The_Vacancy_Report_Final.pdf"},{"key":"bibr21-27551938241261051","volume-title":"Demolishing Housing Rights in the Name of Market Fundamentalism: The Dynamics of Displacement in the United States, India, and South Africa","author":"Albisa C","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr22-27551938241261051","first-page":"19","volume":"4","author":"Shinn M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Homelessness"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr23-27551938241261051","first-page":"75","volume":"3","author":"Loison-Leruste M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Homelessness"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr24-27551938241261051","first-page":"75","volume":"22","author":"Shinn M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cityscape A J Policy Dev Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr25-27551938241261051","first-page":"81","volume":"16","author":"Goto H","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Homelessness"},{"key":"bibr26-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412952569"},{"key":"bibr27-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118412367.ch4"},{"key":"bibr28-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09644008.2020.1771696"},{"key":"bibr29-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020743809990535"},{"key":"bibr30-27551938241261051","volume-title":"The Condition of the Working Class in England","author":"Engels F","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr31-27551938241261051","first-page":"229","volume":"164","author":"Hwang S","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr32-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2010.10k028"},{"key":"bibr33-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301318"},{"key":"bibr34-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.32.4.418.22341"},{"key":"bibr35-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00062-7"},{"key":"bibr36-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6917e1"},{"key":"bibr37-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.021"},{"key":"bibr38-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.2924"},{"key":"bibr39-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2021.2021360"},{"key":"bibr40-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043091"},{"key":"bibr41-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJMHSC-07-2015-0024"},{"key":"bibr42-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.12.041"},{"key":"bibr43-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2018.1544658"},{"key":"bibr44-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60110-0"},{"key":"bibr45-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.09.005"},{"key":"bibr46-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.10.021"},{"key":"bibr47-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-021-00472-0"},{"key":"bibr48-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Broken Homes: Addressing the Impact of House Demolitions on Palestinian Children & Families - Occupied Palestinian Territory\n                      ; 2009. Accessed July 24, 2021. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/occupied-palestinian-territory\/broken-homes-addressing-impact-house-demolitions-palestinian"},{"key":"bibr49-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022995428517"},{"key":"bibr50-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08709-3"},{"key":"bibr51-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61827-4"},{"key":"bibr52-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353509105624"},{"key":"bibr53-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J086v17n03_07"},{"key":"bibr54-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/jps.2020.49.4.8"},{"key":"bibr55-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Palestine and Praxis: open letter and call to action - Palestine & Praxis: scholars for Palestinian freedom. Accessed July 21, 2021. https:\/\/palestineandpraxis.weebly.com\/"},{"key":"bibr56-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/jps.2020.49.4.77"},{"key":"bibr57-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz118"},{"key":"bibr58-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14623520601056240"},{"key":"bibr59-27551938241261051","volume-title":"A People\u2019s History of the United States","author":"Zinn H","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr60-27551938241261051","first-page":"47","volume":"1","author":"Fynn V","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Displac"},{"key":"bibr61-27551938241261051","volume-title":"Race and the Education of Desire\u202f: Foucault\u2019s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things","author":"Stoler AL","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr62-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1137428"},{"key":"bibr63-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934708315487"},{"key":"bibr64-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.40519"},{"key":"bibr65-27551938241261051","first-page":"55","author":"Olivet J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Racism Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr66-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2201473X.2015.1035361"},{"key":"bibr67-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/ae.1994.21.1.02a00030"},{"key":"bibr68-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.32.7.933"},{"key":"bibr69-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087407299595"},{"key":"bibr70-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Ringer BD, Bombyk M.\n                      College students experiencing homelessness: the consequence of failed macro policies\n                      . Vol 8. Accessed June 8, 2021. http:\/\/commons.emich.edu\/mcnairhttp:\/\/commons.emich.edu\/mcnair\/vol8\/iss1\/9"},{"key":"bibr71-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030913259602000301"},{"key":"bibr72-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2018.1520819"},{"key":"bibr73-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731418801413"},{"key":"bibr74-27551938241261051","first-page":"004695802092353","volume":"57","author":"Bielenberg JE","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inq (United States)"},{"key":"bibr75-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz062"},{"key":"bibr76-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07435584211014831"},{"key":"bibr77-27551938241261051","unstructured":"HUD.\n                      At a Glance_Criteria and Recordkeeping Requirements for Definition of Homeless\n                      ; 2012. Accessed July 18, 2021. https:\/\/files.hudexchange.info\/resources\/documents\/HomelessDefinition_RecordkeepingRequirementsandCriteria.pdf"},{"key":"bibr78-27551938241261051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9201600403"},{"key":"bibr79-27551938241261051","author":"Pawson H","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radic Stat"},{"key":"bibr80-27551938241261051","unstructured":"USGAO.\n                      HOMELESSNESS Better HUD Oversight of Data Collection Could Improve Estimates of Homeless Population Report to the Chairwoman, Committee on Financial Services, House of Representatives United States Government Accountability Office\n                      ; 2020. Accessed July 18, 2021. https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/gao-20-433.pdf"},{"key":"bibr81-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Henry M, De Sousa T, Roddey C, et al. The 2020 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress; 2020."},{"key":"bibr82-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Department of Housing U, Development Office of Community Planning U. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress OFFICE OF COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT; 2018."},{"key":"bibr83-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Watson M. How conservative anti-homeless groups are rebranding to recruit new members.\n                      Medium\n                      . Published March 20, 2019. Accessed July 19, 2021. https:\/\/medium.com\/@spekulation\/how-conservative-anti-homeless-groups-are-rebranding-to-recruit-new-members-bc615420f460"},{"key":"bibr84-27551938241261051","unstructured":"About Us \u2014 Mary\u2019s Place. Accessed July 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.marysplaceseattle.org\/about-us"},{"key":"bibr85-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Unhoused, unseen, and unheard: what is a socialist response to the crisis of homelessness? Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). Accessed July 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.dsausa.org\/democratic-left\/unhoused-unseen-and-unheard-what-is-a-socialist-response-to-the-crisis-of-homelessness\/"},{"key":"bibr86-27551938241261051","unstructured":"The National Coalition for the Homeless. Accessed October 17, 2021. https:\/\/nationalhomeless.org\/"},{"key":"bibr87-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick L. \u201cMeet Them Where They\u2019re At\u201d: Faith-Based and Secular Homeless Outreach Approaches.\n                      Grad Student Theses, Diss Prof Pap\n                      . Published online January 1, 2020. Accessed June 9, 2022. https:\/\/scholarworks.umt.edu\/etd\/11482"},{"key":"bibr88-27551938241261051","unstructured":"WHEEL - SHARE \/ WHEEL\n                      . Accessed July 26, 2021. http:\/\/www.sharewheel.org\/Home\/wheel"},{"key":"bibr89-27551938241261051","unstructured":"Nickelsville. 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