{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T22:00:40Z","timestamp":1787954440015,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to compare the efficacy of\n Nigella sativa<\/jats:italic>\n (\n N. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n ) mouthwash and chlorhexidine (CHX) in the management of gingivitis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This triple-blind, parallel-group randomized controlled trial (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20221212056786N2) was conducted at the Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Thirty-six patients aged 20\u201340 years with gingivitis were randomized in a 1:1 ratio using simple randomization to receive either 20%\n N. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n mouthwash or 0.2% CHX mouthwash twice daily for 14 days. Participants, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded. Clinical parameters, including plaque index (PI, primary outcome), bleeding index (BI), and staining index (SI), were recorded at baseline and after 14 days. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, with statistical significance set at\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n All 36 participants completed the study. Both\n N. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n and CHX mouthwashes significantly reduced PI (mean difference:\n N. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n , 33.44 \u00b1 0.72; CHX, 32.72 \u00b1 1.37;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001 for both) and BI (mean difference:\n N. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n , 19.44 \u00b1 0.80; CHX, 19.98 \u00b1 0.81;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001 for both) after 14 days compared with baseline. Between-group differences were not significant for PI (mean difference: \u22120.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: \u22121.94 to 0.50;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.057) or BI (mean difference: \u22120.54; 95% CI: \u22121.10 to 0.02;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.053). A statistically significant but clinically trivial increase in SI was observed in the\n N. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n group (mean change: 0.78\u2009\u00b1\u20091.06;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.006), but not in the CHX group (mean change: 0.44\u2009\u00b1\u20091.29;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.163). No adverse events, such as taste alteration or mucosal irritation, were reported based on participant self-reports.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n \n N. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n mouthwash showed similar efficacy to CHX in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation over 14 days, suggesting it may be a viable alternative for short-term gingivitis management. However, its potential for slight tooth staining warrants caution, and further studies are needed to assess long-term effects.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/27683605251406898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T09:24:56Z","timestamp":1767173096000},"page":"277-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Efficacy of\n Nigella sativa<\/i>\n and Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes in the Management of Gingivitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Arab Farashahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzane","family":"Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahele","family":"Zareshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science Health Service, Yazd, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1140","article-title":"P\u0142ytka bakteryjna jako biofilm-zagro\u017cenia w jamie ustnej oraz sposoby zapobiegania","volume":"69","author":"Cha\u0142as R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cha\u0142as R, , W\u00f3jcik-Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska I, , Wo\u017aniak MJ, et al. P\u0142ytka bakteryjna jako biofilm-zagro\u017cenia w jamie ustnej oraz sposoby zapobiegania. Adv Hyg Exp Med, 2015; 69:1140\u20131148; Available from: https:\/\/repo.pw.edu.pl\/info\/article\/WUTf1a18f0f2f0d464397029c3ca9c4067b\/","journal-title":"Adv Hyg Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1980.tb00268.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2216_20"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"The effect of aqueous extract of crocus Sativus L. (Saffron) on periodontal indices of patients with generalized periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"Rashidi Maybodi F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rashidi Maybodi F, , Vaziri F, , Ghanbarnezhad S, et al. The effect of aqueous extract of crocus Sativus L. (Saffron) on periodontal indices of patients with generalized periodontitis. Trad Integr Med, 2022; 7(1):13\u201319; doi: 10.18502\/tim.v7i1.9059","journal-title":"Trad Integr Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"105","article-title":"Comparison of physical & chemical properties of angelus MTA and new endodontic restorative material","volume":"4","author":"Salehimehr G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salehimehr G, , Nobahar S, , Hosseini-Zijoud S-M, et al. Comparison of physical & chemical properties of angelus MTA and new endodontic restorative material. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2014; 4(7):105\u2013109; Available from: https:\/\/japsonline.com\/abstract.php?article_id=1296&sts=2","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"66","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of chlorhexidine in periodontal treatments","volume":"10","author":"Mosavi Jazi M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mosavi Jazi M, , Khatibi F. Evaluating the effects of chlorhexidine in periodontal treatments. J Dent Med, 1997; 10(1):66\u201373.","journal-title":"J Dent Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.09.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate mouth wash on the plaque microflora in children using intra oral appliances","volume":"20","author":"Amitha H","year":"1995","unstructured":"Amitha H, , Munshi A. Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate mouth wash on the plaque microflora in children using intra oral appliances. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 1995; 20(1):23\u201329.","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"343","article-title":"Chlorhexidine rinsing in physically handicapped pupils in Katlehong","volume":"51","author":"Laher A","year":"1996","unstructured":"Laher A, , Cleaton-Jones P. Chlorhexidine rinsing in physically handicapped pupils in Katlehong. J Dent Assoc S Afr, 1996; 51(6):343\u2013346.","journal-title":"J Dent Assoc S Afr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb00490.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2006.00946.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2012.01883.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"168","article-title":"Kratom consumption can be addictive and have adverse health effects","volume":"1","author":"Hofmeister M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hofmeister M. Kratom consumption can be addictive and have adverse health effects. J Prev Complement Med, 2022; 1(4):168\u2013172; doi: 10.22034\/ncm.2022.350622.1050","journal-title":"J Prev Complement Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.48549"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"248","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of herbal mouthwashes and chlorhexidine on gingival healing after crown lengthening surgery (A clinical trial)","volume":"44","author":"Ali Mohammadi I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali Mohammadi I, , Nasr Esfahani M, , Hakimaneh SMR, et al. Comparison of the effect of herbal mouthwashes and chlorhexidine on gingival healing after crown lengthening surgery (A clinical trial). J Mashhad Dent Sch, 2020; 44(3):248\u2013258; doi: 10.22038\/jmds.2020.45802.1871","journal-title":"J Mashhad Dent Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"The comparison of antimicrobial effect of nigella sativa nanoparticle and chlorhexidine emulsion on the most common dental cariogenicic bacteria","volume":"35","author":"Nazemi Salman B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nazemi Salman B, , Sallah S, , Abdi F, et al. The comparison of antimicrobial effect of nigella sativa nanoparticle and chlorhexidine emulsion on the most common dental cariogenicic bacteria. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 2021; 35(1):149; doi: 10.47176\/mjiri.35.149","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ayu.AYU_68_18"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"302","article-title":"Comparing effects of chlorhexidine and persica mouthwashes on gingival bleeding after scaling","volume":"3","author":"Akhavan Karbasi M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akhavan Karbasi M, , Haerian A, , Baghestani M. Comparing effects of chlorhexidine and persica mouthwashes on gingival bleeding after scaling. Yazd J Dent Res, 2014; 3(3):302\u2013308.","journal-title":"Yazd J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i61A35595"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"The plaque control index: A practical method of assessing the effectiveness of oral hygiene procedures","author":"Buskin S","year":"1977","unstructured":"Buskin S. The plaque control index: A practical method of assessing the effectiveness of oral hygiene procedures. J DASA, 1977:397\u2013399.","journal-title":"J DASA"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque","volume":"25","author":"Ainamo J","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ainamo J, , Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J, 1975; 25(4):229\u2013235.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027001009.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","article-title":"The assessment of nigella sativa oil as a therapeutic aid for gingivitis: A randomized clinical trial","author":"Rahman I","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman I, , Mohammed A, , AlShiddi MA, et al. The assessment of nigella sativa oil as a therapeutic aid for gingivitis: A randomized clinical trial. PREPRINT, 2022; doi: 10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1727606\/v1","journal-title":"PREPRINT"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.3.13006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1703999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1714194"}],"container-title":["Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/27683605251406898","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/27683605251406898","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/27683605251406898","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:38:51Z","timestamp":1777394331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/27683605251406898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/27683605251406898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/27683605251406898","relation":{},"ISSN":["2768-3605","2768-3613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2768-3605","type":"print"},{"value":"2768-3613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}}}