{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:10:48Z","timestamp":1788667848392,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","award":["123K568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123K568"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s recent policies on traditional and complementary medicine (T&amp;CM), focusing on how centralized governance has expanded and regulated T&amp;CM while maintaining it within biomedical standards. It analyzes how the state-led integration proceeds through control, standardization, and oversight, generating both formal incorporation and persistent frictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is based primarily on qualitative content analysis of official Ministry of Health materials, including laws, regulations, and guidelines, which were systematically reviewed to map the regulatory architecture of T&amp;CM; a subsequent 2026 regulatory amendment was also reviewed for continuity. In addition, 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2025 with health professionals and bureaucrats involved in T&amp;CM practice and governance. Interview data were used selectively to clarify regulatory processes and implementation dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s T&amp;CM policy is structured around four interrelated regulatory mechanisms: (1) boundary-making by therapy and profession, (2) selective stratified expansion, (3) education and certification as gatekeeping, and (4) infrastructural and epistemic oversight. Together, these mechanisms produce \u201cbounded integration,\u201d in which expansion occurs through standardization and authorization while professional jurisdiction and institutional autonomy remain tightly delimited. T&amp;CM therapies are governed through administrative, clinical, infrastructural, and scientific templates closely aligned with a physician-centered biomedical model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s centralized regulatory model demonstrates how state-led integration can formalize and scale T&amp;CM within a national health system while preserving biomedical authority. This is a bounded form of integration: Oversight remains uneven, modality-specific expertise and inspection capacity are limited, reimbursement structures are underdeveloped, and informal provision persists alongside formal authorization. Effective integration therefore requires not only standard-setting but also modality-sensitive governance capacities and greater coherence between regulatory design and clinical provision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/27683605261483924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:05:36Z","timestamp":1788426336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bounded Integration: The Regulation of Traditional and Complementary Medicine in T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8739-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe","family":"Polat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology Department, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"1.Geleneksel ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 t\u0131p uygulamalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin mevzuat. T\u00fcrkiye: Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Available from: https:\/\/shgmgetatdb.saglik.gov.tr\/TR-8459\/mevzuat.html [Last accessed: June25 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.Ijaz N Carrie H. Governing therapeutic pluralism: An environmental scan of the statutory regulation and government reimbursement of traditional and complementary medicine practitioners in the Unites States. 2025; doi: 10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001996[Accessed 20 February 2025].","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","unstructured":"3.World Health Organization. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002\u20132005. Geneva: World Health Organization. Online document at: Available from: www.wpro.who.int\/health_technology\/book_who_traditional_medicine_strategy_2002_2005.pdf [Last accessed: November10 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-025-10291-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11077-013-9177-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","article-title":"Regulating quality and safety of health and social care","volume":"4","author":"Schweppenstedde D","year":"2014","unstructured":"6.Schweppenstedde D, , Hinrichs S, , Ogbu U, et al. Regulating quality and safety of health and social care. Rand Heaalth Quarterly 2014;4(1). 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Available from: https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2014\/10\/20141027-3.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","unstructured":"18.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Geleneksel ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 t\u0131p uygulamalar\u0131 y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi (Ek-3) [Annex 3] Resm\u00ee Gazete\/Official Gazette No: 29158. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuatmetin\/yonetmelik\/7.5.20164-ek.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","unstructured":"19.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. No: 77979112. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr\/Eklenti\/3970\/0\/geleneksel-ve-tamamlayici-tip-uygulamalari-yonetmeligipdf.pdf [June 15 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","unstructured":"20.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Tababet ve \u015fuabat\u0131 san\u2019atlar\u0131n\u0131n tarz\u0131 icrasina dair kanun. (Law No: 1219 Supplementary Article 13 aa (as added by Law No. 7557 Article 4 dated 21 July 2025). 1928. Available from: https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuatmetin\/1.3.1219.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","unstructured":"21.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Geleneksel ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 t\u0131p uygulamalar\u0131 y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi. Resmi Gazete\/Official Gazette No: 33237. 2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=45117&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","unstructured":"22.These statistics were published on the Ministry of Health\u2019s website but the underlying file is currently unavailable. The original file was prepared by the General Director of Health Services Mustafa \u00d6zcan. (accessed November 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","unstructured":"23.A current list of application and training centers is. Available from: https:\/\/shgmgetatdb.saglik.gov.tr\/TR-21264\/uygulama-merkezleri.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","unstructured":"24.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. No: E-77979112-030.04.01. 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","unstructured":"25.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. No: 77979112 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","unstructured":"26.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. No: 77979112 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","unstructured":"27.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Geleneksel ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 t\u0131p uygulamalar\u0131 y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi (Ek-2) [Annex 2] Resm\u00ee Gazete\/Official Gazette No: 29158. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuatmetin\/yonetmelik\/7.5.20164-ek.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","unstructured":"28.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Uygulama k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/shgmgetatdb.saglik.gov.tr\/TR-111072\/turkce.html [Last accessed: 5January 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","unstructured":"29.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Geleneksel ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 t\u0131p uygulamalar\u0131 y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi (Ek-5) [Annex 5] Resm\u00ee Gazete\/Official Gazette No: 29158. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuatmetin\/yonetmelik\/7.5.20164-ek.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","unstructured":"30.T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. 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Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics Available from: https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/politics\/display\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1430","journal-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-10-53"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","unstructured":"35.T\u00fcrk Tabipleri Birli\u011fi Etik Kurulu. Geleneksel alternatif tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda etik kurul g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc. 2017. 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