{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:31:22Z","timestamp":1777883482500,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016180","name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Smart Cities and Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \n                    \n                    As cities accelerate decarbonization through building electrification, the growing dependence on electrical systems introduces new vulnerabilities during power disruptions. While grid-level resilience has been widely studied, household-scale impacts of electrification remain poorly understood. In this study, we develop a vulnerability assessment framework that combines machine learning classification with high-resolution synthetic energy data from 129,000 U.S. single-family homes. Our two-stage approach first identifies household electrification levels with over 80% accuracy and then quantifies outage vulnerability using a composite risk index that incorporates electrification profiles, backup capabilities, and climate exposure. A simulated case study reveals that fully electrified households face significantly higher risks during winter storms, with a 60% greater vulnerability compared to mixed-energy homes. In contrast, solar-equipped electrified households exhibit enhanced resilience during heat waves, leveraging renewable energy resources to mitigate risks. By highlighting critical dependencies and adaptive capacities, our framework emphasizes the importance of energy diversity and distributed energy resources in reducing outage vulnerabilities. This scalable, non-intrusive methodology provides actionable insights for policymakers and urban planners to design climate-resilient urban energy systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/27723577241306340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T19:22:46Z","timestamp":1736968966000},"page":"237-252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantifying household vulnerability to power outages: Assessing risks of rapid electrification in smart cities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Majowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"}]},{"given":"Chetan","family":"Popli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3616-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Odonkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.04.095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardazzi R Pazienza MG (2023) Vulnerable households in the energy transition. In: Vulnerable Households in the Energy Transition: Energy Poverty Demographics and Policies. Cham: Springer International Publishing 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35684-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"Bouckaert S Pales AF McGlade C et al. (2021) Net zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2021.112198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"EIA (2022) Over one-quarter of U.S. households use electricity as the only source of energy. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available at: https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2zvkr7pk (accessed 18 November 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"Energy Foundation China (2024) Introduction to electrification. Technical Report Energy Foundation China. Available at: https:\/\/www.efchina.org\/Taskforces-en\/Electrification-en\/Electrification-Intro-en\u00a0(accessed 18 November 2024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app8091654"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2845378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10796126.2016.1148672"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","unstructured":"IEA (2024) Electrification. International Energy Agency. Available at: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/energy-system\/electricity\/electrification (accessed 18 November 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.06.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemenjak C Makonin S Elmenreich W (2020) Towards comparability in non-intrusive load monitoring: On data and performance evaluation. In: 2020 IEEE power & energy society innovative smart grid technologies conference (ISGT).\u00a0Washington DC USA: IEEE pp. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT45199.2020.9087706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","volume-title":"Palaces for the People: How Social Infrastructure Can Help Fight Inequality, Polarization, and the Decline of Civic Life","author":"Klinenberg E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klinenberg E (2018) Palaces for the People: How Social Infrastructure Can Help Fight Inequality, Polarization, and the Decline of Civic Life. New York:\u00a0Crown."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3320075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","unstructured":"Majowicz A Odonkor P (2023) Using machine learning to predict the adoption of building electrification technologies in US households. In: International design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference vol. 87301 pp. V03AT03A027. American Society of Mechanical Engineers."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","volume-title":"Japan\u2019s Hydrogen Strategy and Its Economic and Geopolitical Implications","author":"Nagashima M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nagashima M (2018) Japan\u2019s Hydrogen Strategy and Its Economic and Geopolitical Implications. France: Ifri Paris."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","unstructured":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2023) ResStock. Available at: https:\/\/resstock.nrel.gov\/ (accessed 3 January 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2015.2397334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","unstructured":"Sengupta S (2019) New York to approve one of the world\u2019s most ambitious climate plans. The New York Times 18 June. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/06\/18\/nyregion\/greenhouse-gases-ny.html (accessed 18 November 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","unstructured":"University of Texas at Austin Energy Institute (2021) The timeline and events of the February 2021 Texas electric grid blackouts. The University of Texas at Austin Energy Institute. Available at: https:\/\/energy.utexas.edu\/research\/ercot-blackout-2021 (accessed 18 November 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","unstructured":"Wilson EJ (2017) ResStock-targeting energy and cost savings for US homes. Technical Report National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Golden CO (United States)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103406"}],"container-title":["Journal of Smart Cities and Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/27723577241306340","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/27723577241306340","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/27723577241306340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:47:26Z","timestamp":1777600046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/27723577241306340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/27723577241306340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/27723577241306340","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-3577","2772-3585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-3577","type":"print"},{"value":"2772-3585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}}}