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This is achieved by connecting sensor and meter data with metadata, particularly from the field of metrology. The establishment of a robust data infrastructure, responsible for collecting this data, requires a strategic data engineering approach. The challenge lies in identifying a data engineering approach that is well-suited for design considerations characterized by high demands in scale, complexity, sensitivity, and reliability. To address this challenge, the paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of existing guides for data engineering, alongside other guiding processes from related disciplines such as data mining, data science, and systems engineering. As a result, systems engineering is identified as a highly relevant approach for data engineering meeting the needs of smart cities. The subsequent sections explain how this approach can be utilized and adapted for the specific requirements of a data engineering process in smart cities.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/27723577241306341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T06:09:46Z","timestamp":1738562986000},"page":"195-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Building trustworthy smart cities: A systems engineering approach to data engineering at the Smart Metrology Campus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4574-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Benedict","family":"Ulbig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrology for Digital Transformation, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"elenia Institute for High Voltage Technology and Power Systems, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hutzschenreuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrology for Digital Transformation, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrology for Digital Transformation, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kurrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"elenia Institute for High Voltage Technology and Power Systems, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"15288-2023-ISO\/IEC\/IEEE (2023) International Standard\u2014Systems and Software Engineering. 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