{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T14:03:31Z","timestamp":1785074611616,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychedelic Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This narrative review traces how the scientific understanding of psychedelics has intersected with \u201creward processing\u201d from before the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) era to the present, emphasizing how cultural and regulatory climates shaped what was viewed as an acceptable research question. Reward processing is treated as a family of partially overlapping phenomena: (1) reward-linked behavior (e.g., self-administration, conditioned place preference, reinstatement), (2) reward-circuit signals (e.g., mesolimbic dopamine dynamics, electrophysiology, human electroencephalography potentials), and (3) clinically relevant outcomes in substance use disorder (SUD) (e.g., withdrawal severity, consumption, relapse). Across these measures, the literature repeatedly adopts two framing logics: \u201cliability framing,\u201d which prioritizes misuse potential and dependence risk, and \u201ctherapeutic framing,\u201d which treats psychedelics as tools for probing and potentially reconfiguring reward circuitry and learning. Organized by decade, the review shows that the 1960s already contained both motifs, with adjunctive therapeutic hopes alongside early reinforcement assays, while the CSA era increasingly systematized a hazard-first posture that defined the late 1970s through the 2000s, referred to as the \u201cpsychedelic dark age.\u201d Within those constraints, monoamine and receptor pharmacology (including serotonin\u2013dopamine interactions) became a dominant tool for investigating reward, and ibogaine programs loudly reintroduced a therapeutically oriented\u00a0anti-addiction narrative. In the 2000s, serotonergic control of dopaminergic reward systems and entactogen models, including social reward, broadened the mechanistic frame. In the 2010s and 2020s, the field\u2019s momentum shifted toward therapeutic models, circuit plasticity, computationally interpretable reward signals, and renewed clinical work in SUD. The review argues that a central bottleneck is not a lack of provocative acute findings but rather a lack of experimental programs that bridge behavior, circuit signals, and longitudinal clinical endpoints. We therefore propose that revisiting important concepts and findings discussed herein with recently developed technology and approaches (e.g., cue-evoked signals, learning parameters, photometry) across dose, time, and sex would advance the field. We highlight practical study shifts to move toward an integrated account of how psychedelics modulate reward-relevant brain activity and behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/28314425261472614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:24:37Z","timestamp":1784885077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychedelics and Reward Processing: Before and After the 1970 Controlled Substances Act"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7305-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Company","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA."},{"name":"Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan J.","family":"Lifshitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA."},{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Farris","family":"Sawaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA."},{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Murnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA."},{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/psymed.2022.0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503245251380511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Lester Grinspoon M.d. 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