{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:31:57Z","timestamp":1777883517003,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA042139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA042139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use &amp;amp; Addiction Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>West Virginia entered an institution for mental disease Section 1115 waiver with the Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services in 2018, which allowed Medicaid to cover methadone at West Virginia\u2019s nine opioid treatment programs (OTPs) for the first time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted time trend and geospatial analyses of Medicaid enrollees between 2016 and 2019 to examine medications for opioid use disorder utilization patterns following Medicaid coverage of methadone, focusing on distance to an OTP as a predictor of initiating methadone and conditional on receiving any, longer treatment duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following Medicaid coverage of methadone in 2018, patients receiving methadone comprised 9.5% of all Medicaid enrollees with an opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis and 10.6% in 2019 ( P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In 2018, two-thirds of methadone patients either had no prior OUD diagnosis or were not previously enrolled in Medicaid in our observation period. Patients residing within 20\u2009miles of an OTP were more likely to receive methadone (marginal effect [ME]: \u22120.041, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Similarly, patients residing in metropolitan areas were more likely to receive treatment than those residing in nonmetropolitan areas (ME: \u22120.019, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Metropolitan patients traveled an average of 15\u2009miles to an OTP; nonmetropolitan patients traveled more than twice as far ( P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). We found no significant association between distance and treatment duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>West Virginia Medicaid\u2019s new methadone coverage was associated with an influx of new enrollees with OUD, many of whom had no previous OUD diagnosis or prior Medicaid enrollment. Methadone patients frequently traveled far distances for treatment, suggesting that the state needs additional OTPs and innovative methadone delivery models to improve availability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342231208516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T05:08:09Z","timestamp":1703826489000},"page":"91-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Utilization of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Among West Virginia Medicaid Enrollees Following Medicaid Coverage of Methadone"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6409-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel K.","family":"Landis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenshu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley D.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Saloner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-29767342231208516","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. Drug overdose mortality by state. Published 2022. Accessed August 30, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/sosmap\/drug_poisoning_mortality\/drug_poisoning.htm"},{"key":"bibr2-29767342231208516","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. Total monthly Medicaid\/CHIP enrollment and pre-ACA enrollment. Published 2022. Accessed August 28, 2022. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/health-reform\/state-indicator\/total-monthly-medicaid-and-chip-enrollment\/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Percent%20Change%22,%22sort%22:%22desc%22%7D#note-14"},{"key":"bibr3-29767342231208516","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05049."},{"key":"bibr4-29767342231208516","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2015.1080208"},{"key":"bibr5-29767342231208516","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. West Virginia continuum of care for Medicaid enrollees with substance use disorders. Published 2018. 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