{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:16:30Z","timestamp":1784211390779,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use &amp;amp; Addiction Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted public infrastructure and healthcare utilization. However, regional variation in opioid-related harm secondary to COVID-19 remains poorly understood. This study aimed to measure the regional variation in the association between stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) and nonfatal opioid-related emergency medical services (EMS) transfers in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this interrupted time series design, counts of nonfatal opioid overdoses were identified in each week between July 29, 2019 and December 27, 2020 from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System Dataset. A longitudinal, interrupted time series model was used to compare the change in the number of nonfatal opioid overdose transfers between the pre-pandemic period (July 29, 2019-January 6, 2020) and the pandemic period (June 1, 2020-December 27, 2020). The time period between January 7, 2020 and May 31, 2020 was treated as a washout period to account for state-level variation in the timing of SAHO implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 277\u2009141 adult nonfatal opioid-related overdose EMS transfers in the United States across all census regions. After implementation of the SAHO, EMS transfers significantly increased in all regions, with an increase most notable in the Southern United States (2161, 95% CI: 1699-2623 transfers per week). In the post-SAHO period between June 1 and December 27, 2020, EMS transfers declined from this regional peak in the Southern, Midwestern, and Northeastern United States. No change in trend was observed in the Western United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the importance of tailoring public health policies regionally. While most regions saw a modest decline in opioid-related EMS transfers after an initial increase, the COVID-19 pandemic led to notable increases in opioid-related EMS transfers nationwide. Future research should focus on identifying public health strategies to counteract the deleterious effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on opioid-related morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342231208823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T05:08:09Z","timestamp":1703826489000},"page":"74-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Regional Variation in Opioid-Related Emergency Medical Services Transfers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5831-2951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Yazdanfard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research Center, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research Center, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prachet","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research Center, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilqees","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javeria","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0939-9885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhyeon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research Center, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler Jordan","family":"Varisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research Center, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-29767342231208823","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug overdose surveillance and epidemiology (DOSE) system. 2023. Accessed March 11, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/nonfatal\/dashboard"},{"key":"bibr2-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6709e1"},{"key":"bibr3-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1640832"},{"key":"bibr4-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.04.010","volume":"70","author":"Zoorob M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr5-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306881","volume":"112","author":"Alexander RS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.06.003","volume":"17","author":"Downs CG","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Soc Admin Pharm"},{"key":"bibr7-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.6147"},{"key":"bibr8-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.24984"},{"key":"bibr9-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17694"},{"issue":"31","key":"bibr10-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6731a2","volume":"67","author":"Cash RE","year":"2018","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr11-29767342231208823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109271","volume":"232","author":"Khare A","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"bibr12-29767342231208823","unstructured":"National EMS Information System\n                      . 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Trends and disparities in receipt of pharmacotherapy among pregnant women in publically funded treatment programs for opioid use disorder in the United States. 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