{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:07:01Z","timestamp":1791180421245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use &amp;amp; Addiction Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Xylazine, an adrenergic alpha-2 agonist increasingly present in the US drug supply, is associated with severe skin ulcers and other harms. Expert knowledge from front-line harm reduction and healthcare professionals is an essential component of evidence-based practice. The purpose of this study is to describe the progression and treatment of xylazine-associated wounds, other xylazine-related health concerns, and the most urgent research priorities as reported by front-line harm reduction and healthcare professionals serving people who use drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A convenience sample of 17 healthcare and harm reduction professionals who serve people who use drugs in the US states of Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Texas participated in semi-structured interviews. Participants were asked about the appearance and progression of xylazine-associated wounds; preferred treatment strategies; other xylazine-related harms experienced by people who use drugs; and the most urgent priorities for xylazine-related research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Xylazine-associated wounds were broadly described as small lesions appearing mostly on extremities both at and away from injection sites, often within hours or days of exposure, that quickly developed into large, complex, chronic wounds. Reported risk of secondary infection was generally low but appeared more common among unhoused populations. Most participants preferred conservative treatment strategies that included regular wound care, enzymatic debridement, and hygiene. Xylazine-associated wounds and xylazine withdrawal reportedly act as significant barriers to care, including addiction treatment. Participants reported urgent need for scientific research and evidence-based guidance on the management of xylazine-associated wounds and withdrawal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-quality scientific evidence on risk factors for xylazine-associated wounds and on their biologic mechanisms is needed. Such studies could inform new strategies for the prevention and treatment of these wounds. Efforts to improve the management of xylazine withdrawal and to reduce stigma by incorporating harm reduction professionals into healthcare settings may improve access to and retention in care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342231214472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T05:50:37Z","timestamp":1704174637000},"page":"222-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Xylazine-Associated Wounds and Related Health Concerns Among People Who Use Drugs: Reports From Front-Line Health Workers in 7 US States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5711-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"},{"name":"Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-29767342231214472","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. 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FDA alerts health care professionals of risks to patients exposed to xylazine in illicit drugs. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2022. 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