{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:32:31Z","timestamp":1777883551295,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Discovery Fund, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use &amp; Addiction Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioid use disorder (OUD) has arguably the highest mortality rate of mental health conditions; opiate-related deaths are identified as the number one cause of accidental deaths in Canada and the United States. Specialized care for OUD is often described as lacking, fractured, and with frequent periods of disengagement. Digital health strategies may support connection to evidence-based resources even during periods of disengagement. However, sustained engagement in digital interventions remains a barrier, and as such, experts recommend using co-design approaches to develop interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study outlines the results from a qualitative co-design project that engaged 6 lived experts and 8 clinical experts in a series of focus groups and interviews to adapt an existing intervention for use in OUD. Focus groups and interviews were recorded and transcribed before undergoing thematic analysis. This co-design process is the first stage of a larger project that will lead to the development of a novel digital health intervention for OUD populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcripts underwent thematic analysis, and themes were divided into Crosscutting Themes, Feasibility and Engagement, and Specific Features. Each theme was divided into specific subthemes, which were reviewed by the design team and informed the design of the digital health platform. Key resulting directions included creating a psychologically safe digital space, curating resources for OUD as a multifaceted condition, and being mindful of barriers to implementation from both lived and clinical expert perspectives. Specific features are discussed in detail in the article.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lived experts and clinicians strongly supported integrating digital tools into OUD care. Ongoing work is needed to better understand the role of technology in existing OUD structures as well as the implementation of key features such as digital peer support and creating effective and safe social connections. This study also validates co-design as an essential step in digital health development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342241258915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T06:57:00Z","timestamp":1750143420000},"page":"490-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co-Design of a Digital Health Tool for Use by Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder: App4Independence (A4i-O)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica N.","family":"D\u2019Arcey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Tackaberry-Giddens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Junaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Memotext, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memotext, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Quilty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurosciences and Clinical Translation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean A.","family":"Kidd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2022.100052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768221077360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 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