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However, current evidence is limited and conflicting, and little is known on the impacts of different OATs on methamphetamine\/amphetamine use. The aim of this study was to examine the comparative effectiveness of buprenorphine\/naloxone and methadone on methamphetamine\/amphetamine use among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) initiating OAT in Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data for this study were derived from a 24-week pan-Canadian pragmatic trial conducted between 2017 and 2020 comparing supervised methadone versus flexible take-home dosing buprenorphine\/naloxone models of care among OUD. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the independent effect of treatment (ie, methadone or buprenorphine\/naloxone) and time in treatment (ie, week 2 through 24, continuous) on methamphetamine\/amphetamine use (measured by urine drug test and self-report using Timeline Follow-Back).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sample included 210 participants that initiated OAT, of which 130 (61.9%) were using methamphetamine\/amphetamine at baseline. In multivariable analysis, neither treatment nor time in treatment were significantly associated with the odds of methamphetamine\/amphetamine use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u2009=\u20090.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.34-1.08,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.092; and AOR\u2009=\u20090.73, CI\u2009=\u20090.40-1.28,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.283, respectively). No interaction between treatment and time in treatment was observed for methamphetamine\/amphetamine use (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.367).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methamphetamine\/amphetamine use was common among this sample of people with OUD initiating OAT in Canada. Over the 24-week study period, buprenorphine\/naloxone and methadone were not associated with a quantifiable change in methamphetamine\/amphetamine use among this sample population. The observation of less methamphetamine\/amphetamine use in the buprenorphine\/naloxone arm warrants further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342241298044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T06:57:00Z","timestamp":1750143420000},"page":"518-530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Effectiveness of Buprenorphine\/Naloxone and Methadone on Methamphetamine\/Amphetamine Use Among People with Opioid Use Disorder in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jenna","family":"Langlois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Fairbairn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Jutras-Aswad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CRCHUM), Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Le Foll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Ahamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2556-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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