{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:48:09Z","timestamp":1790102889792,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use &amp; Addiction Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Harm reduction services fulfill a critical need in reducing the negative consequences associated with the overdose crisis. However, many current evidence-based harm reduction services\u2014such as syringe service programs\u2014have access barriers including limited hours or the need for face-to-face interactions to help serve people who use drugs (PWUD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Issue:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To complement such traditional services, overcome barriers, and bridge gaps, harm reduction vending machines (HRVMs) are increasingly being used to offer PWUD low-barrier, 24-hour access to harm reduction supplies, such as naloxone, drug-checking strips, condoms, and more. Evidence from around the world, and more recently in the United States, demonstrates that HRVMs not only provide anonymous no- or low-cost supplies to PWUD, but also do so in ways that overcome key barriers such as stigma, cost, and transportation, while also increasing accessibility and acceptability among PWUD. Perhaps most notably, HRVMs can do all of this while remaining cost-efficient, highly accessible, and adaptable to community needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recommendations:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accordingly, the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction supports funding and research for the broader application of HRVMs, alongside the creation of national implementation guidance and federal and state policy alignment, to ensure that communities across the United States can access these crucial harm reduction services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342261421746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:30:53Z","timestamp":1773765053000},"page":"628-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Support of Harm Reduction Supply Distribution Via Vending Machines: Position Statement of AMERSA, Inc."],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa","family":"Rife-Pennington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, CA, USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, School of Pharmacy, CA, USA"},{"name":"University of the Pacific, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3155-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna L.","family":"Butner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6515-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Dinges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veteran Affairs Illiana Healthcare System, Danville, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh Q.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Orlando Health Care System, FL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6420-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raagini","family":"Jawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Healthcare, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Support Advocates for Recovery Awareness, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"2023 NSDUH Annual National Report | CBHSQ Data. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2023-nsduh-annual-national-report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"U.S. Overdose Deaths Decrease Almost 27% in 2024. May 9 2025. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/nchs_press_releases\/2025\/20250514.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.031589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7203a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Harm Reduction Principles. National harm reduction coalition. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/harmreduction.org\/about-us\/principles-of-harm-reduction\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"CDC. Safety and effectiveness of syringe services programs. Syringe Services Programs (SSPs). September 27 2024. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/syringe-services-programs\/php\/safety-effectiveness.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Javed Z Pegram L Burk K Ali A Facente S Asher A. Syringe Services Programs\u2014A Technical Package of Effective Strategies and Approaches for Planning Design and Implementation. CDC; 2020. https:\/\/spwaz.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/SSP-TechnicalPackage_compressed.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Harm Reduction. National viral hepatitis roundtable. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/nvhr.org\/our-work\/harm-reduction\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Public Policy Platform. American Academy of HIV Medicine (AAHIVM); 2019. https:\/\/aahivm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/policy-platform-updated-6.3.19.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02886-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00765-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.14502579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Knowledge & Resources | HHRC. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/hhrctraining.org\/knowledge-resources"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Presented at: AMERSA National Conference","author":"Rife-Pennington T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rife-Pennington T, Ruggles A, Vu T, Ferrara J, Stevens S, Shek A. Harm reduction vending machines: saving lives and preventing infections, one supply item at a time. Presented at: AMERSA National Conference. 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"Presented at: AMERSA National Conference","author":"Rife-Pennington T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rife-Pennington T, Douglas M. Harm reduction supply distribution via vending machines: 8-month outcomes for a California Veterans Affairs Health Care System. Presented at: AMERSA National Conference. 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2121418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01207-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000002128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209584"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01244-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01222-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00747-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549241308169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2022.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","volume-title":"Presented at: College for Problems on Drug Dependence (CPDD) 86th Annual Scientific Meeting","author":"Rife-Pennington T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rife-Pennington T, Douglas M, Pennington D, Sinha S, Vu T, Dare D. Distribution via vending machines: 6-month outcomes for a California Veterans Affairs Health Care System. Presented at: College for Problems on Drug Dependence (CPDD) 86th Annual Scientific Meeting. 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"Presented at: AMERSA National Conference","author":"Rife-Pennington T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rife-Pennington T, Dare D, Huynh T. Implementing harm reduction vending machines in a California Veterans Affairs Syringe Services Program. Presented at: AMERSA National Conference. 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"Harm Reduction Vending Machines: Considerations for Implementation. Homeless and Housing Resource Center; 2025. https:\/\/hhrctraining.org\/system\/files\/paragraphs\/download-file\/file\/2025-03\/hhrc_harm_reduction_vending_machines_508.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-4-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701711199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lambdin BH Patel SV Humphrey JL et al. Program and operational characteristics of Syringe Services Programs\u2014data from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs (Anonymized) 2023. Published online October 31 2024. doi:10.5281\/ZENODO.14018958","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.14018958"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080802344757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","unstructured":"EHE Overview. HIV.gov. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.hiv.gov\/federalresponse\/ending-the-hiv-epidemic\/overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","unstructured":"Viral Hepatitis\u2014National Strategic Plan A Roadmap to Elimination for the United States (2021\u20132025). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2020. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/Viral-Hepatitis-National-Strategic-Plan-2021-2025.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-055969"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103790"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1146399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2018.10.03"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00829-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.2.182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(00)00050-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.172452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.22.s1.6223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2021.82.752"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","unstructured":"21 U.S. Code \u00a7 863\u2014Drug paraphernalia. LII\/Legal Information Institute. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/21\/863"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","unstructured":"Davis C Dennis A Lieberman A. Harm Reduction Laws in the United States. The Network for Public Health Law; 2023. https:\/\/www.networkforphl.org\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2024\/10\/50-State-Survey-Harm-Reduction-Laws-in-the-United-States.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342241277619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","unstructured":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Plan B One-step (1.5 mg levonorgestrel) information. FDA. Published online December 23 2022. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers\/plan-bone-step-15-mg-levonorgestrel-information"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","unstructured":"Ella. Food and Drug Administration; 2010. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2010\/022474s000lbl.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","unstructured":"Criminal Law Title 10\u2014Crimes Against Public Health Conduct and Sensibilities Subtitle 1\u2014Crimes Against Public Health and Safety Part I\u2014General Provisions Section 10-104\u2014Sale of Nonlatex Condom by Vending Machine. 2024. Accessed August 31 2025. https:\/\/law.justia.com\/codes\/maryland\/criminal-law\/title-10\/subtitle-1\/part-i\/section-10-104\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","unstructured":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Information regarding the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test. FDA. Published online February 25 2022. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/approved-blood-products\/informationregarding-oraquick-home-hiv-test"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","unstructured":"Office of the Commissioner. FDA Grants Marketing Authorization of First Test for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea With At-Home Sample Collection. FDA. August 9 2024. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-grants-marketingauthorization-first-test-chlamydia-and-gonorrhea-home-sample-collection"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","unstructured":"Office of the Commissioner. FDA Marketing Authorization Enables Increased Access to First Step of Syphilis Diagnosis. FDA. August 20 2024. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-marketing-authorizationenables-increased-access-first-step-syphilis-diagnosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","unstructured":"Office of the Commissioner. FDA Grants Marketing Authorization of First Home Test for Chlamydia Gonorrhea and Trichomoniasis. FDA. March 28 2025. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-grants-marketingauthorization-first-home-test-chlamydia-gonorrhea-and-trichomoniasis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","unstructured":"Chapter 499 Section 005 - 2022 Florida Statutes\u2014The Florida Senate. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.flsenate.gov\/laws\/statutes\/2022\/499.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428232.2018.1394784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","unstructured":"Lofstrom M Hayes J Martin B Premkumar D. Racial Disparities in Law Enforcement Stops. Public Policy Institute of California; 2021. https:\/\/www.ppic.org\/publication\/racialdisparities-in-law-enforcement-stops\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","unstructured":"Griffith D. LGBTQ Youth are at Greater Risk of Homelessness and Incarceration. Prison Policy Initiative; 2019. Accessed August 30 2025. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/2019\/01\/22\/lgbtq_youth\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","unstructured":"Romero A Goldberg S Luis V. LGBT People and Housing Affordability Discrimination and Homelessness. Williams Institute; 2020. Accessed August 30 2025. https:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/publications\/lgbt-housing-instability\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201200515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","unstructured":"Housing Not Handcuffs 2021: State Law Supplement. National Homelessness Law Center; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","unstructured":"Singer J Heimowitz S. Drug Paraphernalia Laws Undermine Harm Reduction\u2014To Reduce Overdoses and Disease States Should Emulate Alaska. CATO Institute; June 7 2022. Accessed August 26 2025. https:\/\/www.cato.org\/policy-analysis\/drug-paraphernalialaws-undermine-harm-reduction-reduce-overdoses-disease-states"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2024.100421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","unstructured":"Russel E Kosinski Z Kaplan C Barnes N Sherman S. Readiness assessment for harm reduction vending machines: a decision making tool for organizations and communities. 2022. https:\/\/americanhealth.jhu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/Readiness%20Assessment%20for%20HRVMs%20Toolkit_Final_10.2022.pdf"}],"container-title":["Substance Use &amp; Addiction Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29767342261421746","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/29767342261421746","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29767342261421746","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:51:21Z","timestamp":1782467481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/29767342261421746"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/29767342261421746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/29767342261421746","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-7342","2976-7350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-7342","type":"print"},{"value":"2976-7350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]}}}