{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:48:11Z","timestamp":1790102891292,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7031721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7031721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use &amp; Addiction Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Harm reduction vending machines (HRVMs) provide low-barrier access to supplies that reduce overdose deaths and infections. Evidence within Veterans Affairs (VA) and supportive housing settings is limited. We evaluated 8-month HRVM implementation measures at a VA Health Care System, mapped to RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, implementation) domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, single-system, single-arm, descriptive implementation evaluation across 15 HRVMs in VA health care and supportive housing settings. Measures\/variables (RE-AIM): Reach\u2014Veteran HRVM sign-ups\/pathway, proportion accessed \u22651 product, sociodemographics; Effectiveness\u2014resource acceptance (naloxone, overdose education, community harm reduction resources, substance use treatment, infection testing\/care); Implementation\u2014most frequently accessed products, comparisons by setting (total dispensed; proportion during business versus nonbusiness hours). Data sources: HRVM software; staff-completed survey for Veterans at HRVM sign-up. Case descriptive analyses were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reach: 281 Veterans signed up for HRVM access, most commonly with colocated\/on-site staff (54.8%). During the 8-month period, 70.8% accessed \u22651 product. Veterans were mean age of 60.2\u2009\u00b1\u200913.8\u2009years, primarily male (90.2%), and represented diverse groups, with 40.2% white\/Caucasian, 31.1% black\/African American, and 10.8% Hispanic\/Latinx. Effectiveness: Among all Veterans, 44.8% accepted naloxone, 19.9% overdose education, 13.5% community harm reduction resources, 11.4% substance treatment resources, and 10.3% infection testing\/treatment. Implementation: 3567 products were dispensed, with a greater share at supportive housing versus health care settings (61.5% versus 38.5%), and housing settings showed substantially more after-hours dispensing (66.6%). On-site HRVM sign-ups were strongly associated with site-level dispensing (Spearman \u03c1\u2009=\u2009.80,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Frequently accessed items included syringes (n\u2009=\u2009422), hygiene kits (n\u2009=\u2009350), condoms (n\u2009=\u2009337), and wound care kits (n\u2009=\u2009312).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HRVM colocation across health care and supportive housing reached Veterans and supported after-hours access where needs were greatest, while also linking many to naloxone, education, and health care resources. Findings demonstrate a feasible, scalable approach for integrating HRVMs into Veteran-centered public health strategies. Future research should evaluate longer term clinical outcomes, participant-reported outcomes, and cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342261426185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:25:41Z","timestamp":1774686341000},"page":"794-804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Meeting Veterans Where They Are: Harm Reduction Supply Distribution via Vending Machines"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa","family":"Rife-Pennington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, CA, USA"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9221-1344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, CA, USA"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, CA, USA"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701711199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-4-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2022.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000002128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2022.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00336"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"261","article-title":"Implementation of harm reduction syringe services programs at 2 veterans affairs medical centers","volume":"42","author":"Burkett M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burkett M, Litke J, Percy A, Plank K, Richardson K, Kirkland M. 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