{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T17:56:18Z","timestamp":1781459778709,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"national institute of general medical sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20-GM125507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20-GM125507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"national institute on drug abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DA0347975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA0347975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"US National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DA047975-02S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA047975-02S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"US National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R25-DA037190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25-DA037190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use &amp; Addiction Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Xylazine has emerged in the unregulated drug supply and is associated with heavy sedation and severe skin wounds. This study uses dried blood spot (DBS) testing to examine xylazine exposure among a community-based sample of people who use drugs in Rhode Island.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary analysis of 234 people who use drugs enrolled in a clinical trial with DBS samples from October 2020 to December 2023. Participants completed interviews at multiple visits (baseline, 6, and 12\u2009months); DBS samples were tested at 1 or more of those time points. Samples were tested for xylazine, fentanyl, and fentanyl analogs. We compared baseline sociodemographic and drug use characteristics of participants with and without detectable xylazine at any time point using descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that 69 (29%) participants had detectable fentanyl at 1 or more time points, and among those, 27 (39%) had detectable xylazine. Detection of xylazine was associated with younger age, non-Hispanic white race, and prior-month homelessness (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Among 397 DBS samples, 97 (24%) had detectable fentanyl and 32 (8%) had detectable xylazine. Among samples with detectable fentanyl, xylazine positivity was 24%, 21%, and 80% in years 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DBS testing identified moderate levels of xylazine exposure among a sample of people who use drugs in Rhode Island during the observation period. Findings underscore the need for targeted xylazine education and harm reduction strategies focused on people who use fentanyl and unregulated opioids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342261450958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T10:49:06Z","timestamp":1781088546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Documenting the Emergence of Xylazine Among People Who Use Drugs in Rhode Island: An Analysis of Dried Blood Spot Samples"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9033-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah C.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9588-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn J.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2477-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason A.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3312-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary C.","family":"Figgatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline E.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Jacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0134-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon D. L.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"Badea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Health, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7640-2215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria","family":"Macmadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"CDC. Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic [Internet]. Overdose Prevention. Updated 2025. 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Increasing presence of xylazine in heroin and\/or fentanyl deaths, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010-2019. Inj Prev J Int Soc Child Adolesc Inj Prev. 2021;27(4):395-398.","journal-title":"Inj Prev J Int Soc Child Adolesc Inj Prev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7113a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowles JM McDonald K Maghsoudi N. Xylazine detected in unregulated opioids and drug administration equipment in Toronto Canada: clinical and social implications. HRJ. 2021;18:104. https:\/\/harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00546-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00546-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Shihipar A. testRI releases preliminary results of drug surveillance study. 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