{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T18:02:01Z","timestamp":1783965721103,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Addiction Science","award":["PG1033682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG1033682"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG1033682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG1033682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DA046049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA046049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA046049-01A1S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA046049-01A1S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early traumatic exposure to factors such as household substance use, violence, and familial death increase the likelihood of substance use across a person\u2019s lifespan. Our qualitative analysis sought to explore the social and relational drivers of substance use among people who inject drugs (PWID).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted qualitative interviews with 30 PWID (n\u2009=\u200930) in Los Angeles, CA from July 2021 to April 2022. To be eligible for this study, participants had to report being 18\u2009years of age or older and self-report any opioid and injection drug use within the past 30\u2009days. We used constructivist grounded theory to analyze the contexts that contribute to lived experiences surrounding familial trauma, resource scarcity, and substance use as a coping mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants in this study described drivers of current substance use patterns as related to childhood and familial trauma. These included: (1) early exposure to chaotic and\/or disordered substance use by household members, (2) traumatic experiences, such as death of a family member, which they linked to substance use initiation, and (3) relying on substance use as a coping strategy which was modeled by family members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early traumatic experiences and exposure to disordered substance use (ie, household family members using substances to emotionally regulate) combined with experiencing resource deprivation (ie, lacking trauma-informed mental health support and financial and wraparound care) contributed to participants\u2019 experiences of substance use as a learned coping mechanism. Integrating social and structural support interventions, such as mental health service provision and financial stabilization services, into policy-making decisions may help to address the cyclical relationship between childhood exposure to trauma and adult substance use initiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29768357251383754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T09:51:27Z","timestamp":1761558687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cWe Weren\u2019t Taught How to Cope With Tragedy\u201d: Early Childhood Trauma, Grief, and Learned Coping Mechanisms Among People Who Inject Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6778-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin E.","family":"Gould","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4330-180X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddhi S.","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1406-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizbeth","family":"Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Project Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky N.","family":"Bluthenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel Carmen","family":"Ceasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Violence Prevention. About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021. Accessed August 2 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/aces\/about.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7226a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"CDC. About Adverse Childhood Experiences. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs); 2024. Accessed January 23 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/aces\/about\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Neuroscience of Trauma, Resilience and Healing throughout the Life Course","author":"Brewer-Smyth K","unstructured":"Brewer-Smyth K, ed. Racial, ethnic, gender, and economic disparities and trauma. In: Brewer-Smyth K, ed. Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Neuroscience of Trauma, Resilience and Healing throughout the Life Course. Springer International Publishing; 2022:155-175."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2020.100293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6844e1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","article-title":"The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health and development in young children","volume":"9","author":"Webster EM.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Webster EM. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health and development in young children. Glob Pediatr Health. 2022;9:2333794X221078708.","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and truancy in high school: an analysis of Florida adolescents","volume":"46","author":"Boccio CM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boccio CM, Cardwell SM, Jackson DB. Adverse childhood experiences and truancy in high school: an analysis of Florida adolescents. Deviant Behav. 2024;46:1-19.","journal-title":"Deviant Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00855-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-11-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/49527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2019.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-01920-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Constructing Grounded Theory","author":"Charmaz K.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charmaz K. Constructing Grounded Theory. 2nd ed. Sage Publications; 2014.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"The power and potential of grounded theory","volume":"6","author":"Charmaz K.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Charmaz K. The power and potential of grounded theory. Med Sociol. 2012;6:2-15.","journal-title":"Med Sociol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. NIMHD Research Framework; 2025. Accessed August 14 2024. https:\/\/www.nimhd.nih.gov\/resources\/research-framework\/nimhd-research-framework-details"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-020-00217-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08902-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198117752785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2017.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2019.1579256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19485565.2017.1281099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","unstructured":"Cullen J. The History of Mass Incarceration. Brennan Center for Justice; 2018. Accessed January 24 2025. https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/analysis-opinion\/history-mass-incarceration"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2100926"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0661-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1054137316638078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Resource loss, coping, alcohol use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of Hurricane Katrina: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Kishore V","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kishore V, Theall K, Robinson W, et al. Resource loss, coping, alcohol use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of Hurricane Katrina: a cross-sectional study. Am J Disaster Med. 2008;3:345-357.","journal-title":"Am J Disaster Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","article-title":"Substance use disorder among bereaved individuals: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Andrade ALM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrade ALM, Scatena A, Lavezzo B de O, et al. Substance use disorder among bereaved individuals: a systematic review. Paid Ribeir\u00e3o Preto. 2023;33:e3308.","journal-title":"Paid Ribeir\u00e3o Preto"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172883"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710670"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41296-021-00490-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","unstructured":"Sheidlower K Balevic N. Los Angeles gave families $1 000 a month in the biggest basic income pilot in the country. Now the results are in. Business Insider; 2024. Accessed January 24 2025. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/los-angeles-guaranteed-basic-income-pilot-ubi-partner-violence-employment-2024-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-022-01207-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2015.1080816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00539-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","unstructured":"Bowers J Abrahamson D. Kicking the habit: the opioid crisis and America\u2019s addiction to prohibition. Cato Institute; 2020. Accessed January 27 2025. https:\/\/www.cato.org\/policy-analysis\/kicking-habit-opioid-crisis-americas-addiction-prohibition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2025.2519400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","first-page":"116408","article-title":"\u201cNotice of major cleaning\u201d: a qualitative study of the negative impact of encampment sweeps on the ontological security of unhoused people who use drugs","volume":"339","author":"Goldshear JL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goldshear JL, Kitonga N, Angelo N, et al. \u201cNotice of major cleaning\u201d: a qualitative study of the negative impact of encampment sweeps on the ontological security of unhoused people who use drugs. Soc Sci Med 1982. 2023;339:116408.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9039-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","first-page":"911","article-title":"Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work","volume":"66","author":"Shannon K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shannon K, Kerr T, Allinott S, et al. Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work. Soc Sci Med 1982. 2008;66:911-921.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-100108439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0954012031000068335"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112588"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00674"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20209"}],"container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357251383754","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/29768357251383754","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357251383754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:53:26Z","timestamp":1777600406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/29768357251383754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/29768357251383754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/29768357251383754","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-8357","2976-8357"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-8357","type":"print"},{"value":"2976-8357","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"article-number":"29768357251383754"}}