{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:09:10Z","timestamp":1787166550742,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007316","name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA247156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA247156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"national cancer institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA247156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA247156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Remote biochemical verification of smoking abstinence is limited by low adherence rates and technical problems with test completion. Qualitative data from study participants about their experiences completing these remote tests is lacking. The objectives were to interview participants who provided biochemical verification in a randomized trial of a smoking cessation intervention to (1) learn about participants\u2019 actual experiences with cotinine saliva testing; (2) examine willingness to conduct smartphone app-based carbon monoxide (CO) breathalyzer testing; and (3) gather recommendations to minimize barriers and improve adherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants who completed biochemical verification were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews that included watching an instructional video about the breathalyzer test. Audio recordings were professionally transcribed, and 2 independent coders applied an interactive inductive thematic analysis approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten participants, ages 38.7 (9.5) years (30% male) completed interviews. Barriers to successful saliva cotinine testing included: technical issues submitting results (56%), issues following written instructions (44%), saliva collection sponge discomfort (33%), confusion about invalid results (33%), and concerns with device safety\/data usage (22%). While more participants said they would, in concept, prefer the CO test or had no preference, they reported more problems with completing the CO test, including potential inaccessibility for people with respiratory illness. Key recommendations for improving compliance included: increasing monetary incentives, diversifying reminders, amplifying reciprocity messaging, managing expectations, and embedding clear, concise in-app guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggest that compliance with remote biochemical verification can be improved through a comprehensive approach that includes increasing incentives, managing expectations, streamlining visual instructions, and diversifying reminders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29768357251414464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T03:18:15Z","timestamp":1768965495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Overcoming Challenges to Remote Biochemical Verification of Smoking Status: Insights From Participant Interviews"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Santiago-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Mull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna M.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille A.","family":"Fogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Bin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison R.","family":"Keith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Bricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.7.1086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2018.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200210123581"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660101801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200801978680"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","article-title":"Diagnostic methods for detection of cotinine level in tobacco users: a review","volume":"10","author":"Raja M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raja M, Garg A, Yadav P, Jha K, Handa S. Diagnostic methods for detection of cotinine level in tobacco users: a review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(3):ZE04-ZE06.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Bedfont. iCO Smokerlyzer. 2019. Accessed July 15 2025. https:\/\/www.bedfont.com\/shop\/smokerlyzer\/ico-smokerlyzer"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tpc\/90649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7309\/jmtm.7.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2023.100090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Bricker JB. An innovative conversational agent (QuitBot) for smoking cessation. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04308759. 2023. Updated 2023. Accessed November 21 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/57318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2024.107727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"222","volume-title":"Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods","author":"Clarke V","unstructured":"Clarke V, Braun V, Hayfield N. Thematic analysis. In: IJAS, ed. Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. 3rd ed. Sage; 2015:222-248.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2017.1375092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"100343","article-title":"Comparing two approaches to remote biochemical verification of self-reported cessation in very low-income smokers","volume":"13","author":"Garg R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garg R, McQueen A, Wolff J, et al. Comparing two approaches to remote biochemical verification of self-reported cessation in very low-income smokers. Addict Behav Rep. 2021;13:100343.","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000151"}],"container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357251414464","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/29768357251414464","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357251414464","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:53:36Z","timestamp":1777600416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/29768357251414464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/29768357251414464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/29768357251414464","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-8357","2976-8357"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-8357","type":"print"},{"value":"2976-8357","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"29768357251414464"}}