{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T13:25:04Z","timestamp":1787405104153,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005267","name":"SAMHSA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5H79TI085527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5H79TI085527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016193","name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine\u2019s Child Health Associate\/Physician Assistant Program"},{"name":"Denver Health Hospital Authority"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The opioid epidemic has prompted health professions educators to update curricula around pain and opioid management. University of Colorado School of Medicine learners complete a novel open-source curriculum on pain and opioid management which includes standardized patient (SP) encounters. SPs are specialists trained to portray patient scenarios for the instruction and\/or assessment of clinical skills in health professional trainees. We hypothesized that participation in the novel curriculum would increase learners\u2019 confidence in managing encounters involving discussion of opioids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We adapted 10 questions from a previously published questionnaire assessing learner confidence in caring for patients who use drugs and administered the survey to learners using a retrospective post-then-pre design. Differences between post- and pre-Likert scales were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed rank tests. The Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare differences in post- and pre-Likert scales between PA and medical students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>144\/144 (100%) MS4 students and 43\/44 (98%) PA2 completed the survey following successful completion of the novel curriculum. Post-median Likert scores were significantly higher than pre-median Likert scores for all questions across both degree programs, with all p values &lt; 0.001. The median differences between post and pre-Likert scales for the PA2 ranged from 2 to 3. The median difference between post and pre-Likert scales for MS4 was 0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a novel open-source curriculum in improving learner confidence in providing care to people who use drugs. This curriculum is freely available for use at\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.ttreducators.com\">https:\/\/www.ttreducators.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      . Further data is needed to understand broader impacts of curricular change, including patient- and population-level outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29768357261474394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:23:43Z","timestamp":1787221423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Learner Confidence in Managing Patients With Opioid Use: A Standardized Patient Curriculum for Medical and Physician Assistant Students"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7609-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Tyler","family":"Coyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Vipler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Akerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genie","family":"Roosevelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"Denver Health Hospital Authority"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Neumeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"Denver Health Hospital Authority"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Rustici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"Denver Health Hospital Authority"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"U.S. Congress. The Opioid Crisis in the United States: A Brief History. 2022. Accessed on 23OCT2025. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/IF12260"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Opioid Analgesic Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS). 2018. Accessed on 23OCT2025. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/information-drug-class\/opioid-analgesic-risk-evaluation-and-mitigation-strategy-rems"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109490"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2021.1915918"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","volume-title":"Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant","year":"2025","unstructured":"Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant; 2025. https:\/\/www.arc-pa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Standards-6e-10-03-25-Pub-10-09-25.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342231224978"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07494-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2014.889814"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01270.x"}],"container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357261474394","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/29768357261474394","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357261474394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T13:18:16Z","timestamp":1787404696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/29768357261474394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":10,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/29768357261474394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/29768357261474394","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-8357","2976-8357"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-8357","type":"print"},{"value":"2976-8357","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"article-number":"29768357261474394"}}