{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T13:25:01Z","timestamp":1787405101538,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe naloxone availability, accessibility, barriers and facilitators to naloxone availability in United States-based schools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In May and September 2024, we conducted an optional, cross-sectional national survey of K-12 school nurse members of the National Association of School Nurses. The anonymous emailed survey assessed: (a) nurse demographics, (b) school and community characteristics, (c) school naloxone availability and accessibility, (d) related barriers and facilitators, and (e) available naloxone trainings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respondents included n=462 school nurses (response rate 23%) from 44 states. The majority reported their school(s) stocked naloxone (90%); many (18%) reported prior naloxone administration on campus. A third (37%) reported restrictions on who can access\/administer naloxone. Few schools (6%) provided student naloxone training. Nurses reported experience with prior school (11% respondents) and\/or community overdose (44%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this exploratory national survey, most school nurses reported that their K-12 school(s) stocked naloxone. However, many schools limit who can access and administer naloxone, and few provide training to students. There is an urgent need to improve naloxone availability and accessibility to optimize access to this potentially life-saving treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29768357261478395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:12:49Z","timestamp":1787231569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Naloxone Access in Schools: A National Survey of School Nurses in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jessica B.","family":"Calihan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Medical Center"},{"name":"Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9261-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Christina","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samara","family":"Jinks-Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Deanna","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine C.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Health, Center for Injury Research and Prevention at the Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Dowshen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo-Anne","family":"Bobrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connecticut State Department of Education"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Jennifer","family":"Edelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Bagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Medical Center"},{"name":"Boston"},{"name":"Boston Medical Center"},{"name":"Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian SOM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2201761"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7150a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112763"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307948"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","unstructured":"Cardona MA Gupta R. Letter to Schools. Published online October 30 2023. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Letter-to-Schools.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","volume-title":"School Access to Naloxone Act of 2023","author":"Sen MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sen MJ. School Access to Naloxone Act of 2023; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","unstructured":"Rep. Newhouse D. Stop Overdose in Schools Act. 2023. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/118th-congress\/house-bill\/5652\/related-bills. Accessed July 21 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","unstructured":"Rep. Phillips D D M 3. School Access to Naloxone Act of 2023. 2023. Accessed July 21 2024. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/118th-congress\/house-bill\/3065"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","unstructured":"Rep. Schiff AB D C 30. Helping Educators Respond to Overdoses Act. 2023. Accessed July 21 2024. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/118th-congress\/house-bill\/6251\/text"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","volume-title":"Overdose Reversal Agent Access: Summary of State Laws","author":"Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association","year":"2025","unstructured":"Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association. Overdose Reversal Agent Access: Summary of State Laws; 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405241277101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pampati S Rasberry CN Timpe Z et al. Disparities in Implementing COVID-19 Prevention Strategies in Public Schools. United States: Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC. doi:10.3201\/eid2905.221533.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2905.221533"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405231193429"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12715"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","unstructured":"Naloxone Education for School Nurses Toolkit | NASN Learning Center. nasn.org. Accessed May 22 2025. https:\/\/learn.nasn.org\/courses\/58011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","article-title":"Opioid Antagonist Access: Summary of State Laws","author":"Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association","year":"2023","unstructured":"Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association. Opioid Antagonist Access: Summary of State Laws. Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association. 2023. https:\/\/legislativeanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Opioid-Antagonist-Access-Summary-of-State-Laws.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2023.","journal-title":"Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1942602X221109615"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1942602X11406528"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3903-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfm006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","unstructured":"Research Mailing Lists - National Association of School Nurses. Accessed September 29 2025. https:\/\/www.nasn.org\/research\/research-mailing-lists"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06737-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248399251318695"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405241253565"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12620"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-022-00502-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307849"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.8391"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.103980"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/36423"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","unstructured":"American Heart Association American Society of Anesthesiologists. Naloxone in CPR\/AED Training and Public Access to Defibrillation. 2021. Published online. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/-\/media\/Files\/About-Us\/Policy-Research\/Policy-Positions\/CPR-and-AED\/Naloxone-Position-Statement.pdf. Accessed September 21 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","unstructured":"States where CPR Training is Mandatory for High School Graduation - School CPR. Accessed May 22 2025. https:\/\/schoolcpr.com\/about\/states-where-cpr-training-is-mandatory-for-high-school-graduation\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001128"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","volume-title":"Trump team revokes $11 billion in funding for addiction, mental health care","author":"Mann B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mann B. Trump team revokes $11 billion in funding for addiction, mental health care. NPR; 2025. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2025\/03\/27\/nx-s1-5342368\/addiction-trump-mental-health-funding. Accessed September 30, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2847"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200798"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840519897308"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","volume-title":"Teens, Drugs, and Overdose: Contrasting Pre-Pandemic and Current Trends","author":"Panchal N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panchal N, Zitter S. Teens, Drugs, and Overdose: Contrasting Pre-Pandemic and Current Trends. KFF; 2024. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/mental-health\/issue-brief\/teens-drugs-and-overdose-contrasting-pre-pandemic-and-current-trends\/. Accessed June 17, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","unstructured":"Velis JC. An Act Relative to Narcan Availability in Schools. https:\/\/malegislature.gov\/Bills\/194\/S1422. Accessed July 3 2025."}],"container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357261478395","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/29768357261478395","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357261478395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T13:18:11Z","timestamp":1787404691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/29768357261478395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/29768357261478395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/29768357261478395","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-8357","2976-8357"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-8357","type":"print"},{"value":"2976-8357","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"article-number":"29768357261478395"}}