{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:43:48Z","timestamp":1787330628297,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DA049333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA049333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-DA035200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-DA035200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stigma can be detrimental to health and wellbeing. Black adults experience various forms of stigma, such as stigma related to receiving psychological help. Stigma prevents treatment initiation, exacerbates psychological distress, and leads to adoption of unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as opioid misuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the rise in opioid-related overdose deaths among Black adults, the present study aims to examine stigma related to receiving psychological help and its association with depression, anxiety, opioid use, and treatment-related variables among Black adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Informed by Goffman\u2019s Social Stigma theory, stigma classes related to receiving psychological help were examined with a latent class analysis (LCA). Stigma class and its relationship with opioid misuse, anxiety, depression, barriers to treatment, and healthcare distrust was examined. Participants were 809 Black adults stratified by age and sex who reported opioid misuse in the past six months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The \u201chigh stigma\u201d class was significantly associated with a 1.44 times greater likelihood of recent opioid misuse, more barriers to treatment, and greater healthcare distrust than the \u201clow stigma\u201d class. Sex and age were also highlighted as covariates associated with opioid misuse, mental health, barriers to treatment, and healthcare distrust.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experiencing stigma related to receiving psychological help appears to influence health outcomes, such as opioid misuse. It is also connected to experiencing barriers to treatment, making it crucial to focus on stigma experienced among Black adults to minimize negative health and treatment consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/29768357261480543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:12:59Z","timestamp":1787137979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stigma and Health Among Black Adults Who use Opioids: A Latent Class Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2001-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany","family":"Miller-Roenigk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danelle","family":"Stevens-Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Drug overdose deaths in the United States 2003-2023. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db522.htm#:\u223c:text=mortality_data_file.- Between_2022_and_2023%2C_rates_of_drug_overdose_deaths_increased 5.3_and_5.1%2C_respectively)"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0079"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000507"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0896-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity","author":"Goffman E","year":"1963","unstructured":"Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall; 1963."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Human Rights, Stigma, and Substance Use","volume":"22","author":"Wogen J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wogen J, Restrepo MT. Human Rights, Stigma, and Substance Use. Health Hum Rights. 2020;22(1):51-60.","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110873"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7129e2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/biosoc.2015.46"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","volume-title":"About overdose prevention","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2026","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). About overdose prevention; 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/overdose-prevention\/about\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-9005.1000106"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24088\/IJBEA-2021-63008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2022.108805"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2018.1544184"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0983"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100298"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22020278"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01634370902914372"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2022.0083"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617720273"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1531427"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2021.1873791"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106779"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","volume-title":"Black Americans and mistrust of the U.S. health care system and medical research","author":"Cox K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cox K. Black Americans and mistrust of the U.S. health care system and medical research. Pew Research Center; 2024. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/06\/15\/black-americans-and-mistrust-of-the-u-s-health-care-system-and-medical-research\/#:\u223c:text=And_the_majority_of_Black,Mistrust_about_medical_research"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1555214"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","unstructured":"Emergent Devices Inc. Introduction. https:\/\/www.narcan.com\/hcp\/narcan-introduction. 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.47.1.138"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","volume-title":"The Addiction Severity Index\u2014\u201cLite\u201d (ASI\u2014\u201cLite\u201d)","author":"McLellan AT","year":"1997","unstructured":"McLellan AT, Cacciola JS, Zanis D. The Addiction Severity Index\u2014\u201cLite\u201d (ASI\u2014\u201cLite\u201d). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania\/Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Center for Studies of Addiction; 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0575-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798420930932"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","volume-title":"The Methodology Center","author":"Lanza ST","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lanza ST, Dziak JJ, Wagner AT, Collins LM. LCA Stata plugin users\u2019 guide. In: The Methodology Center. The Pennsylvania State University; 2018. https:\/\/methodology.psu.edu\/downloads\/lcastata\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883241278846"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.20943"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","volume-title":"Older Black men are disproportionately affected by the opioid crisis","author":"Volkow N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Volkow N. Older Black men are disproportionately affected by the opioid crisis. National Institute on Drug Abuse; 2024. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/about-nida\/noras-blog\/2024\/08\/older-black-men-are-disproportionately-affected-by-overdose-crisis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","first-page":"1000115","article-title":"Stigma among Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Does it Predict Substance Use, and Does it Diminish with Treatment?","volume":"3","author":"Kulesza M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kulesza M, Ramsey S, Brown R, Larimer M. Stigma among Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Does it Predict Substance Use, and Does it Diminish with Treatment? J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil. 2014;3(1):1000115.","journal-title":"J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1885"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2025.2528778"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00639.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X15581659"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2021.1936457"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","first-page":"532","article-title":"When race matters: disagreement in pain perception between patients and their physicians in primary care","volume":"99","author":"Staton LJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Staton LJ, Panda M, Chen I, et al. When race matters: disagreement in pain perception between patients and their physicians in primary care. J Natl Med Assoc. 2007;99(5):532-538.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000285"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.93.12.2067"}],"container-title":["Substance Use: Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357261480543","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/29768357261480543","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29768357261480543","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:17:01Z","timestamp":1787329021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/29768357261480543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/29768357261480543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/29768357261480543","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-8357","2976-8357"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-8357","type":"print"},{"value":"2976-8357","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"article-number":"29768357261480543"}}