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The diagnosis relies on quantitative analysis of a deep microbiological sample; a combination of clinical and radiological signs is commonly used to raise VAP suspicion in clinical practice. Traditional imaging methods such as chest radiography and computed tomography have limitations in critically ill patients under mechanical ventilation. Lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged in the last years as a valuable tool in the assessment and monitoring of critically ill patients, including for diagnosis and management of VAP, due to its noninvasive bedside applicability and absence of radiation exposure. This last quality is of particular interest in the specific population of children and newborns, where radiation exposure should be further avoided. LUS allows for daily monitoring of lung aeration and provides a quantitative assessment through the LUS aeration score; an unexpected increase of LUS aeration score may raise the suspicion of superinfection. Key ultrasonographic findings, such as subpleural consolidations and consolidations with dynamic linear\u2013arborescent air bronchogram, improve diagnostic specificity for VAP. Similarly to what happens with traditional radiology, the Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Lung Ultrasound Score (VPLUS) combines ultrasound signs with clinical parameters like purulent secretions to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, LUS aeration score plays a crucial role in monitoring the response to treatment, enabling assessment of lung reaeration over time. It helps differentiate between treatment responders and nonresponders, guiding therapy adjustments and identifying complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This review highlights the evolving role of LUS in the early diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of VAP across various ICU settings, including its application in adult, pediatric, and neonatal care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/29768675251349632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T03:09:53Z","timestamp":1749697793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: An Update on the Role of Lung Ultrasound in Adult, Pediatric, and Neonatal ICU Practice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-2998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Adri\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pavia"},{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Gaia e Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Mojoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pavia"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Gregorio Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APHP-Paris Saclay University"},{"name":"Physiopathology and Therapeutic Innovation Unit-INSERM U999, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belaid","family":"Bouhemad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, C.H.U. 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