{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:05:09Z","timestamp":1784289909958,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Extended Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To test whether immersion leads to better learning outcomes compared to non-immersive displays in medical education, this pilot study investigates the impact of presenting 360\u00b0 video in head-mounted display (HMD) headsets versus desktop computer-based two-dimensional (2D) displays on physical examination performance. Nineteen medical students were randomized into either a 360\u00b0 video via HMD or a computer-based 2D training intervention group to learn the presentation of a physical examination. Prior research has found that a learner\u2019s spatial ability predicted training outcomes in immersive environments, such that those with lower spatial ability benefited from immersive training more than those with higher spatial ability. To account for baseline spatial reasoning ability that might contribute to learner differences, all participants completed a measure of spatial reasoning, the paper folding test (PFT), prior to training. Following the training intervention, participants were evaluated on their ability to perform the instructed physical examination steps. There was no significant difference in performance between the 360\u00b0 video and computer-based training groups (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.267,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.41). Additionally, spatial ability was not a significant predictor of performance, with the PFT score explaining only 9.4% of the variability in physical examination scores. These findings suggest that 360\u00b0 video via HMD does not confer a significant advantage over computer-based training in this context, indicating that this type of immersion was not beneficial for learning to perform physical exams.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/29941520261438629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:50:14Z","timestamp":1778579414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing 360\u00b0 Video via Head-Mounted Display and Computer-Based Displays for Physical Examination Training: A Randomized Pilot Study with Medical Students"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4841-5475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Bressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonious","family":"Rizkalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"IV","given":"Henry","family":"Blagden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryan","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balaji","family":"Lingamgunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon K.T.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Medical Learning and Simulation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2019-0036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tmb0000087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Huang K Li J Sousa M et al. Immersivepov: Filming how-to videos with a head-mounted 360\u00b0 action camera. In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery: New York NY; 2022; pp. 1\u201313; doi: 10.1145\/3491102","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2022.2114134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205221078794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.12.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"The applications of virtual reality technology in medical groups teaching","volume":"6","author":"Samadbeik M","year":"2018","unstructured":"8.Samadbeik M, , Yaaghobi D, , Bastani P, et al. The applications of virtual reality technology in medical groups teaching. J Adv Med Educ Prof 2018;6(3):123\u2013129.","journal-title":"J Adv Med Educ Prof"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1860750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2015.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"The effect of degree of immersion upon learning performance in virtual reality simulations for medical education","volume":"125","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez F","year":"2007","unstructured":"11.Guti\u00e9rrez F, , Pierce J, , Vergara VM, et al. The effect of degree of immersion upon learning performance in virtual reality simulations for medical education. Stud Health Technol Inform 2007;125:155\u2013160.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1694"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","article-title":"Item benchmarks for the system usability scale","volume":"13","author":"Lewis JR","year":"2018","unstructured":"13.Lewis JR, , Sauro J. Item benchmarks for the system usability scale. J Usability Stud 2018;13(3).","journal-title":"J Usability Stud"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Extended Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29941520261438629","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/29941520261438629","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/29941520261438629","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:32:05Z","timestamp":1784287925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/29941520261438629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/29941520261438629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/29941520261438629","relation":{},"ISSN":["2994-1520","2994-1520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2994-1520","type":"print"},{"value":"2994-1520","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"29941520261438629"}}