{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:01:52Z","timestamp":1787508112371,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ARCOM-24-1249390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARCOM-24-1249390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sage Open Aging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Researchers and advocates recognize that adult day services (ADS) play a key role in delivering person-centered care to individuals living with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and related dementias (ADRD). However, few ADS centers are routinely measuring person-centered outcomes, thereby limiting our ability to understand the impact of ADS on these key indicators of well-being. Guided by Kitwood\u2019s framework of person-centered dementia care, this study aimed to identify valid, reliable, and practical person-centered outcome measures that reflect ADRD quality-of-life domains. Twenty-two ADS practitioners and researchers (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200922) participated in a two-round e-Delphi review to evaluate 10 potential outcome measures across four person-centered domains: meaning and purpose; engagement; social networks; and sense of belonging. Based upon scores on select characteristics in Round 1 of the e-Delphi review (e.g., ease of administration, relevance to population), consensus was reached in Round 2 (66.67% supermajority) on the following measures: the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">PROMIS Meaning and Purpose in Life Scale<\/jats:italic>\n                    (76%); the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Friendship Scale<\/jats:italic>\n                    (76%); and the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">General Belongingness Scale<\/jats:italic>\n                    (67%). Panelists could not reach consensus on the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Life Engagement Test<\/jats:italic>\n                    (52%) and the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Engagement in Meaningful Activities Scale<\/jats:italic>\n                    (48%), so both were retained for future evaluation. The scales identified in this e-Delphi review will now be incorporated into real-world data collection beta-testing to evaluate feasibility, practicality and impact of ADS on these person-centered outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/30495334251408570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T08:26:52Z","timestamp":1766132812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identifying Person-Centered Outcome Measures for Use in Adult Day Services: An E-Delphi Consensus Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara J.","family":"Scher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9572-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Zagorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Senior Care Centers, Inc., Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahrzad","family":"Siamdoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Finik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6161-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Sadarangani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. (n.d.). Dementia care practice recommendations. Alzheimer\u2019s Association. https:\/\/www.alz.org\/professionals\/professional-providers\/dementia_care_practice_recommendations"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson K. A. Geboy L. Jarrott S. E. Missaelides L. Ogletree A. M. Peters-Beumer L. Zarit S. H. (2020). Developing a set of uniform outcome measures for adult day services. Journal of Applied Gerontology 39(6) 670\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0733464818782130","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464818782130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V. Clarke V. Hayfield N. Terry G. (2019). Thematic analysis. In Liamputtong P. (Ed.) Handbook of research methods in health social sciences (pp. 843\u2013860). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4_103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4_103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cella D. Riley W. Stone A. Rothrock N. Reeve B. Yount S. Amtmann D. Bode R. Buysse D. Choi S. Cook K. DeVellis R. DeWalt D. Fries J. F. Gershon R. Hahn E. A. Lai J.-S. Pilkonis P. Revicki D. . . . Hays R. (2010). The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005-2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 63(11) 1179\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.9.3.458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eakman A. M. (2012). Measurement characteristics of the engagement in meaningful activities survey in an age-diverse sample. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 66(2) e20\u2013e29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5014\/ajot.2012.001867","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2012.001867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esmail L. C. Barasky R. Mittman B. S. Hickam D. H. (2020). Improving comparative effectiveness research of complex health interventions: Standards from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). Journal of General Internal Medicine 35(2) 875\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-020-06093-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06093-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazio S. Pace D. Maslow K. Zimmerman S. Kallmyer B. (2018). Alzheimer\u2019s Association dementia care practice recommendations. Gerontologist 58(suppl_1) S1\u2013S9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gnx182","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnx182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fields N. L. Anderson K. A. Dabelko-Schoeny H. (2014). The effectiveness of adult day services for older adults: A review of the literature from 2000 to 2011. Journal of Applied Gerontology 33(2) 130\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0733464812443308","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464812443308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagerty B. M. Patusky K. (1995). Developing a measure of sense of belonging. Nursing Research 44(1) 9\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006199-199501000-00003","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199501000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Long-term care providers and services users in the United States: Data from the National Study of Long-Term Care Providers, 2013\u20132014","author":"Harris-Kojetin L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harris-Kojetin L., Sengupta M., Park-Lee E., Valverde R., Caffrey C., Rome V., Lendon J. (2016). Long-term care providers and services users in the United States: Data from the National Study of Long-Term Care Providers, 2013\u20132014. Vital & Health Statistics. Series 3, Analytical and Epidemiological Studies, 38, 1\u2013105."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawthorne G. (2006). Measuring social isolation in older adults: Development and initial validation of the Friendship Scale. Social Indicators Research 77(3) 521\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11205-005-7746-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-005-7746-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarrott S. Ogletree A. M. (2019). Adult day services outcomes: Delphi review of an integrated participant assessment system. Journal of Applied Gerontology 38(3) 386\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0733464816675423","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464816675423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"Khodyakov D. Grant S. Kroger J. Bauman M. (2023). RAND methodological guidance for conducting and critically appraising Delphi panels. RAND Corporation. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/tools\/TLA3082-1.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"The technical, the personal, and the framing of dementia","volume":"3","author":"Kitwood T.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kitwood T. (1988). The technical, the personal, and the framing of dementia. Social Behaviour, 3(2), 161\u2013179.","journal-title":"Social Behaviour"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE199809103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"The Delphi method: Techniques and applications","author":"Linstone H. A.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Linstone H. A., Turoff M. (1975). The Delphi method: Techniques and applications. Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubben J. Blozik E. Gillmann G. Iliffe S. von Renteln Kruse W. Beck J. C. Stuck A. E. (2006). Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. Gerontologist 46(4) 503\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malone G. P. Pillow D. R. Osman A. (2012). The General Belongingness Scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences 52(3) 311\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2011.10.027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mast B. T. Molony S. L. Nicholson N. Kate Keefe C. DiGasbarro D. (2021). Person-centered assessment of people living with dementia: Review of existing measures. Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions 7(1) e12138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/trc2.12138","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"NADSA. (n.d.). Overview. NADSA: Adult Day Services. https:\/\/www.nadsa.org\/research\/overview\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasa P. Jain R. Juneja D. (2021). Delphi methodology in healthcare research: How to decide its appropriateness. World Journal of Methodology 11(4) 116\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.116","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nichols E. Steinmetz J. D. Vollset S. E. Fukutaki K. Chalek J. Abd-Allah F. Abdoli A. Abualhasan A. Abu-Gharbieh E. Akram T. T. Hamad H. Alahdab F. Alanezi F. M. Alipour V. Almustanyir S. Amu H. Ansari I. Arabloo J. Ashraf T. . . . Vos T. (2022). Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health 7(2) e105\u2013e125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.051496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryff C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(6) 1069\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.57.6.1069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadarangani T. Anderson K. Vora P. Missaelides L. Zagorski W. (2022). A national survey of data currently being collected by adult day service centers across the United States. Journal of Applied Gerontology 41(3) 729\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07334648211013974","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648211013974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadarangani T. Anderson K. Westmore M. R. Zhong J. (2022). Dementia patient and caregiver relevant outcomes currently being reported by adult day service centers in the United States. Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions 8(1) e12310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/trc2.12310","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadarangani T. Fernandez Cajavilca M. Qi X. Zagorski W. (2024). Adult day services: A potential antidote to social isolation and loneliness in marginalized older adults. Frontiers in Public Health 12 1427425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1427425","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1427425"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadarangani T. Gaugler J. E. Dabelko-Schoeny H. Marx K. A. (2022). Adult day services health equity for older adults with complex needs and the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Public Health 112(10) 1421\u20131428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306968","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadarangani T. Zagorski W. Parker L. Missaelides L. (2021). Identifying research priorities in adult day centers to support evidence-based care of vulnerable older adults. Progress in Community Health Partnerships 15(1) 127\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/cpr.2021.0012","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2021.0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadarangani T. Zhong J. Vora P. Missaelides L. (2021). \u201cAdvocating every single day\u201d so as not to be forgotten: Factors supporting resiliency in adult day service centers amidst COVID-19-related closures. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 64(3) 291\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01634372.2021.1879339","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2021.1879339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheier M. F. Wrosch C. Baum A. Cohen S. Martire L. M. Matthews K. A. Schulz R. Zdaniuk B. (2006). The Life Engagement Test: Assessing purpose in life. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 29(3) 291\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-005-9044-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-005-9044-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scher C. J. Anderson K. Zagorski W. Siamdoust S. Li Y. Sadarangani T. (2025). \u201cWe feel like a family here\u201d: Person-centered outcomes of adult day services use from the voices of people living with dementia and their caregivers. BMC Health Services Research 25 1188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13436-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13436-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alzheimer disease or other dementias in adult day services centers, 2020","volume":"198","author":"Singh P.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh P., Lendon J. P., Sengupta M. (2024). Alzheimer disease or other dementias in adult day services centers, 2020. National health statistics reports, 198, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"National health statistics reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steger M. F. Frazier P. Oishi S. Kaler M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology 53(1) 80\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.53.1.80","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.1.80"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoner C. R. Orrell M. Spector A. (2018). Psychometric properties and factor analysis of the Engagement and Independence in Dementia Questionnaire (EID-Q). Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 46(3-4) 119\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000488484","DOI":"10.1159\/000488484"}],"container-title":["Sage Open Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/30495334251408570","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/30495334251408570","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/30495334251408570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:57:12Z","timestamp":1777445832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/30495334251408570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/30495334251408570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/30495334251408570","relation":{},"ISSN":["3049-5334","3049-5334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3049-5334","type":"print"},{"value":"3049-5334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"article-number":"30495334251408570"}}