{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T11:53:32Z","timestamp":1781697212314,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sage Open Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can show potential for malignant transformation, unlike cutaneous lichen planus (CLP). The exact molecular reasons behind this difference are not well known. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of 3 biomarkers namely MDM2, SOX2, and Ki-67 in OLP and CLP to assess their relationship with cell proliferation and possible malignant potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective study was carried out at Sina Hospital in Tabriz, Iran, from April 2022 to June 2023. Fifty paraffin-embedded tissue samples were analyzed, including 25 oral and 25 cutaneous lichen planus cases. Sections were stained immunohistochemically for MDM2, SOX2, and Ki-67. Two pathologists, blinded to patient information, evaluated the slides. Expression was classified as negative, low, or high. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 26 using descriptive statistics and Fisher\u2019s Exact Test, with a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value\u2009\u2a7d\u2009.05 considered significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In CLP, all samples were negative for Ki-67, while SOX2 and MDM2 were positive at low levels in only 8% of cases. In OLP, Ki-67 was low in 16%, SOX2 in 20%, and MDM2 was high in 40% of samples. A significant correlation among the 3 markers was seen in OLP (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), but not in CLP. SOX2 expression differed significantly between erosive and non-erosive OLP (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.047).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OLP, especially its erosive form, shows higher molecular activity compared with CLP. The coordinated expression of MDM2, SOX2, and Ki-67 supports their role in cell proliferation and malignant potential. MDM2, in particular, may serve as an early indicator for identifying OLP cases at higher risk of malignant transformation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/30502098261451759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:39:03Z","timestamp":1781501943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Expression of MDM2, SOX2, and Ki-67 in Oral and Cutaneous Lichen Planus: Implications for Malignant Potential"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mina","family":"Sabai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"sheikhzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behnaz","family":"Mahmoudvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benyamin","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2578-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nika","family":"Hosseini Zomorodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahita","family":"Rahmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirreza","family":"Javadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University of medical sciences, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Vahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Mehramuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sepideh","family":"Hadimaleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.737813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-2489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-023-00814-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555571242244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(98)00098-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2209\/tdcpublication.56.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dermatopathology12010008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24033038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16030608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2014.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2008.00344.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1837-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57094-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90977-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2024.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2015.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-025-01775-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"288","article-title":"Expression of Ki-67 in oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Bahramian A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bahramian A, Motahari P, Hanifenezhad A. Expression of Ki-67 in oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2024;25(4):288-295.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16152614"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","article-title":"OCT3-4 and SOX2 in oral lichen Planus compared to oral leukoplakia: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"17","author":"Zisis V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zisis V, Giannakopoulos NN, Poulopoulos A, Schmitter M, Andreadis D. OCT3-4 and SOX2 in oral lichen Planus compared to oral leukoplakia: an immunohistochemical study. Cureus. 2025;17(5):e84837.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","article-title":"A preliminary study of the role of endothelial-mesenchymal transitory factor SOX 2 and CD147 in the microvascularization of oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Zisis V","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zisis V, Anastasiadou PA, Poulopoulos A, Vahtsevanos K, Paraskevopoulos K, Andreadis D. A preliminary study of the role of endothelial-mesenchymal transitory factor SOX 2 and CD147 in the microvascularization of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cureus. 2024;16(1):e52265.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","article-title":"Expression of the embryonic cancer stem cells\u2019 biomarkers SOX2 and OCT3\/4 in oral leukoplakias and squamous cell carcinomas: a preliminary study","volume":"15","author":"Zisis V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zisis V, Andreadis D, Anastasiadou PA, et al. Expression of the embryonic cancer stem cells\u2019 biomarkers SOX2 and OCT3\/4 in oral leukoplakias and squamous cell carcinomas: a preliminary study. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e45482.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_1027_20"}],"container-title":["Sage Open Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/30502098261451759","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/30502098261451759","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/30502098261451759","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T11:16:27Z","timestamp":1781694987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/30502098261451759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/30502098261451759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/30502098261451759","relation":{},"ISSN":["3050-2098","3050-2098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3050-2098","type":"print"},{"value":"3050-2098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"article-number":"30502098261451759"}}