{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:57:20Z","timestamp":1780066640199,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sage Open Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Pediatric populations are highly vulnerable to various diseases and are at risk of irrational prescribing practices, which can impact treatment outcomes and contribute to increased healthcare costs. Knowledge of disease, prescribing patterns, and knowledge of drug administration help to promote rational drug use in pediatric care.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    To assess the prevalence of common diseases and prescribing patterns in the Pediatric outpatient department of Kankai Nagar Hospital.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A 1-month cross-sectional study was conducted on 245 pediatric patients at Kankai Nagar Hospital. Random sampling was used, and data were collected from prescriptions and patient-caregiver interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate prescribing trends, and costs were calculated to assess economic implications.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Among the patients, 60% were male, with upper respiratory tract infections being the most common diagnosis (26.5%). The average number of drugs per encounter was 3.08, higher than the WHO standard, suggesting polypharmacy risks. NSAIDs (19.81%) and antibiotics (17.43%) were the most commonly prescribed drugs. The average cost per prescription was NPR 456.23, while antibiotics averaged NPR 159.56. Only 23.38% of caregivers had complete knowledge of correct dosages.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The study reveals acceptable prescribing patterns but indicates prevalent polypharmacy, with reliance on NSAIDs and antibiotics and limited caregiver knowledge of drug use. Addressing these issues through caregiver education, policy changes, and clinical pharmacy integration could enhance rational drug use and improve pediatric healthcare outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/30502225251319878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T02:18:06Z","timestamp":1742177886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Morbidity and Drug Prescribing Pattern in Pediatric Outpatient Department of Kankai Nagar Hospital of Eastern Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6000-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiren","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purbanchal University School of Health Science, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0117-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purbanchal University School of Health Science, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2675-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahi Bikram","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purbanchal University School of Health Science, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubraj","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purbanchal University School of Health Science, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8409-6082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suraj","family":"Dangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purbanchal University School of Health Science, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-1255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh Kumar","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purbanchal University School of Health Science, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Manual of Pediatric Cardiac Care: Volume II","author":"Alrasheed MM","unstructured":"Alrasheed MM, Alakeel YS. Developmental pharmacokinetics. In: Bin-Moallim MA, Husain WJM, Alakeel YS, Kabbani MS, Alghamdi AA, eds. Manual of Pediatric Cardiac Care: Volume II. Springer Nature; 2024:217-220."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Drug Safety in Developing Countries","author":"Al-Worafi YM, ed.","unstructured":"Al-Worafi YM, ed. Safety of medications in special population. In: Drug Safety in Developing Countries. Elsevier; 2020:143-162."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211025146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.5612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. New WHO Guidance to Improve Use of Medicines for Children. WHO; 2025. 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Pharmaceutical Press; 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17571472.2010.11493294.2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-019-0177-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578717737429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcsop.2024.100528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-1102-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs","author":"Zeind CS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeind CS, Carvalho MG, Cheng JW, Zaiken K, LaPointe T. Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Government of Nepal. Drug Standard Regulation 2043. 1986. Accessed September 12 2024. https:\/\/www.dda.gov.np\/content\/drug-standard-regulation-2043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"Developing Standards for Labelling Dispensed Medicines","author":"Aslani P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aslani P, Tong V. Developing Standards for Labelling Dispensed Medicines. The University of Sydney; 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of Nepal. Nepal demographic and health survey 2016. 2017. 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