{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T01:12:27Z","timestamp":1784596347655,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sage Open Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BCG vaccination is the primary defense against severe childhood tuberculosis, yet data on its uptake in Somalia are limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Somalia Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed, including 2025 children aged 0 to 59 months with vaccination cards. Descriptive statistics estimated national and regional BCG coverage, and 2-level logistic regression assessed individual and community-level determinants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National BCG coverage was 57.3%, ranging from 31% in Nugal to 78% in Mudug. Children with higher birth orders were less likely to be vaccinated. Older children had higher vaccination odds, and maternal tetanus toxoid receipt was positively associated with BCG uptake. Middle-income children were more likely to be vaccinated. Children from rural and urban areas had lower odds than nomadic children. Community-level factors explained 10.9% of the variance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BCG coverage in Somalia is below the WHO\u2019s 90% target. Addressing inequities in birth order, maternal health, wealth, and geography is essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/30502225251388151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:43:17Z","timestamp":1761741797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["BCG Vaccination Coverage and Determinants Among Children in Somalia: A Nationwide Survey Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahye Sheikh Abdulle","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdirasak Sharif","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia"},{"name":"Banadir Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5933-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdirahim Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salaam University, Mogadishu, Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5991-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Mustaf","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1682360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"WHO. Immunization Agenda 2030: A Global Strategy to Leave No One Behind. WHO; 2020. Accessed May 24 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/immunization-agenda-2030-a-global-strategy-to-leave-no-one-behind"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-11809-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2023. WHO; 2023. Accessed May 24 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1885280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"WHO. Vaccination in Humanitarian Emergencies: Implementation Guide. WHO; 2017. 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