{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:37:54Z","timestamp":1777912674316,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To review the literature regarding the epidemiology and treatment of intestinal helminthic infections. Data Sources: A literature search of MEDLINE (1946-January 2014), EMBASE (1980-January 2014), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-January 2014), and the Cochrane Library (1996-January 2014) was performed using the following terms: intestinal, helminthic, humans, United States, and individual drug names (albendazole, ivermectin, mebendazole, nitazoxanide, praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate). Secondary and tertiary references were obtained by reviewing related articles. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language articles identified from the data sources and clinical studies using anthelmintic agents were included. Data Synthesis: The 2011 removal and continued absence of mebendazole from the market has left limited options for helminth infections. For hookworm, albendazole has a 72% cure rate compared to 32% for pyrantel pamoate. Albendazole, ivermectin, and nitazoxanide appear to be effective for Ascaris with cure rates of 88%, 100%, and 91%, respectively. Both albendazole and pyrantel pamoate have been evaluated for pinworm with cure rates of 94.1% and 96.3%, respectively. Combination therapy with ivermectin and albendazole produces cure rates of 38% to 80% for whipworm. For Strongyloides stercoralis, ivermectin cure rates are 93.1% to 96.8% compared with 63.3% for albendazole. Praziquantel is effective for intestinal trematode infections with cure rates of 97% to 100% while its efficacy against tapeworm ranges from 75% to 85%. Conclusions: Albendazole is the drug of choice for hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and pinworm. In combination with ivermectin, it is the first-line agent for whipworm. Ivermectin is preferred for Strongyloides stercoralis, and praziquantel is effective against most nematodes and trematodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/8755122514533667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]],"date-time":"2014-04-29T03:19:43Z","timestamp":1398741583000},"page":"130-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Treatment Options and Considerations for Intestinal Helminthic Infections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ann E.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Tulsa, OK, USA"},{"name":"Saint Francis Hospital, Tulsa, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooke L.","family":"Honey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Tulsa, OK, USA"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barnabas M.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Tulsa, OK, USA"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Condren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Tulsa, OK, USA"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-8755122514533667","unstructured":"Teva Pharmaceuticals. 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