{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:47:54Z","timestamp":1777884474746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. A number of different antiretroviral drugs are used to manage patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective. This study describes antiretroviral drug exposures reported to a large statewide poison center system. Methods. Cases were all antiretroviral drug exposures reported to the Texas Poison Center Network during 2000 to 2014. The distribution of cases was determined for various demographic and clinical factors. Results. Of a total of 632 exposures, the most commonly reported drugs were emtricitabine\u2013tenofovir combination (17.1%), efavirenz\u2013emtricitabine\u2013tenofovir combination (13.8%), ritonavir (10.9%), lamivudine\u2013zidovudine combination (10.3%), and efavirenz (10.1%). The annual number of antiretroviral drug exposures increased from 34 in 2000 to 67 in 2014. Males comprised 67.9% of the patients; 72.2% were 20 years or older. The exposures were 58.5% unintentional and 37.5% intentional. Only antiretroviral drugs were reported in 440 of the exposures. Of these exposures, 62.5% were managed on site, 28.0% were already at or en route to a health care facility when the poison center was contacted, and 8.6% were referred to a health care facility. The exposures were not serious in 88.7% of these cases. The most frequently reported adverse clinical effects were vomiting (5.7%), nausea (4.8%), dizziness\/vertigo (3.2%), and drowsiness\/lethargy (3.2%). Conclusions. The most commonly reported antiretroviral drugs were emtricitabine\u2013tenofovir combination and efavirenz\u2013emtricitabine\u2013tenofovir combination. The patients were most likely to be adults and males. The exposures tended to be unintentional. Of those exposures involving only antiretroviral drugs, the majority of the exposures were not serious and could be managed outside of a health care facility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/8755122515590663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T22:50:50Z","timestamp":1434149450000},"page":"276-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antiretroviral Drug Exposures Reported to Texas Poison Centers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mathias B.","family":"Forrester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-8755122515590663","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data\u2014United States and 6 dependent areas\u20142012. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2014;19(3). http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/pdf\/surveillance_Report_vol_19_no_3.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2015."},{"key":"bibr2-8755122515590663","volume-title":"2013 Texas STD and HIV Epidemiologic Profile","author":"Department of State Health Services","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr3-8755122515590663","unstructured":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Types of HIV\/AIDS antiretroviral drugs. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. http:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/topics\/HIVAIDS\/Understanding\/Treatment\/Pages\/arvDrugClasses.aspx. Accessed March 7, 2015."},{"key":"bibr4-8755122515590663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108524"},{"key":"bibr5-8755122515590663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011205"},{"key":"bibr6-8755122515590663","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Adverse effects of antiretroviral agents. In: Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. http:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/contentfiles\/lvguidelines\/adultandadolescentgl.pdf. Published 2014. Accessed March 7, 2015."},{"key":"bibr7-8755122515590663","first-page":"1443","volume":"83","author":"Reust CE","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr8-8755122515590663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.987397"},{"key":"bibr9-8755122515590663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.635149"},{"key":"bibr10-8755122515590663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.06.001"},{"key":"bibr11-8755122515590663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2005.05.001"},{"key":"bibr12-8755122515590663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2002.34955"},{"key":"bibr13-8755122515590663","first-page":"73","volume":"10","author":"Braden BR","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"bibr14-8755122515590663","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.4.2268","volume":"12","author":"Wheatley MA","year":"2011","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bibr15-8755122515590663","first-page":"647","volume":"44","author":"Schwarz KA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"bibr16-8755122515590663","unstructured":"American Association of Poison Control Centers National Poison Data System. Reference Manual Part 2: System Information Manual. Alexandria, VA: American Association of Poison Control Centers; 2007:161."}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/8755122515590663","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/8755122515590663","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/8755122515590663","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:26:39Z","timestamp":1777602399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/8755122515590663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/8755122515590663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/8755122515590663","relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-1225","1549-4810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-1225","type":"print"},{"value":"1549-4810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]}}}